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Transactions on Computer Systems and Networks Chuzo Ninagawa IoT Communication Performance Analysis Transactions on Computer Systems and Networks SeriesEditor AmlanChakrabarti,DirectorandProfessor,A.K.ChoudhurySchoolof InformationTechnology,Kolkata,WestBengal,India Transactions on Computer Systems and Networks is a unique series that aims to capture advances in evolution of computer hardware and software systems and progress in computer networks. Computing Systems in present world span from miniature IoT nodes and embedded computing systems to large-scale cloud infrastructures, which necessitates developing systems architecture, storage infrastructure and process management to work at various scales. Present day networking technologies provide pervasive global coverage on a scale and enable multitude of transformative technologies. The new landscape of computing comprises of self-aware autonomous systems, which are built upon a software-hardwarecollaborativeframework.Thesesystemsaredesignedtoexecute critical and non-critical tasks involving a variety of processing resources like multi-core CPUs, reconfigurable hardware, GPUs and TPUs which are managed throughvirtualisation,real-timeprocessmanagementandfault-tolerance.WhileAI, Machine Learning and Deep Learning tasks are predominantly increasing in the application space the computing system research aim towards efficient means of dataprocessing,memorymanagement,real-timetaskscheduling,scalable,secured and energy aware computing. The paradigm of computer networks also extends it support to this evolving application scenario through various advanced protocols, architectures and services. This series aims to present leading works on advances in theory, design, behaviour and applications in computing systems and networks. The Series accepts research monographs, introductory and advanced textbooks, professionalbooks,referenceworks,andselectconferenceproceedings. Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttps://link.springer.com/bookseries/16657 Chuzo Ninagawa IoT Communication Performance Analysis ChuzoNinagawa SmartGridPowerControlEngineering JointResearchLaboratory GifuUniversity Gifu,Japan ISSN2730-7484 ISSN2730-7492 (electronic) TransactionsonComputerSystemsandNetworks ISBN978-981-19-0858-3 ISBN978-981-19-0859-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0859-0 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature SingaporePteLtd.2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuse ofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface There have been many books published on the Internet of Things (IoT). However, mostofthemareIoTbusinessbooksorimplementation-relatedbooks.Thereisno engineeringbookthatdealswithcommunicationperformanceanalysisofheteroge- neous integrated systems of control communication and the Internet. This may be duetotheideathatthereisnoneedtoanalyzecommunicationperformance. However,theedge-sidecommunicationwithdevicesandsensors,whicharethe ThingssideoftheIoT,doesnotnecessarilyhavehighperformance.Therearemany caseswhereresourcesarescarce,suchasinembeddedcontrolnetworksandsensor networks,orwherebuildingsandfacilitiesarealreadyequippedwithbuilt-inequip- mentandcannotbereplacedbythelatestcommunicationsystems.Hetero-junction communication, which integrates such low-speed edge-side communication and high-speed cloud-side communication, is a decisive feature of the IoT from the viewpointofdatatransmissionperformance. TheTCPcommunicationperformanceanalysistechnologythatrepresentscloud- sideInternetcommunicationhasalreadybeenestablished,andmanytechnicalbooks havebeenpublishedinthepast.However,notmanybookshavebeenpublishedon datatransmissionperformanceanalysisforlow-speedcontrolnetworksandsensor networksontheedge-side.Furthermore,therearenopublicationsontheperformance analysisofedgegatewaysfromhigh-speedcloud-sidecommunicationtolow-speed edge-sidecommunication. Whenthecommunicationloadisconcentratedinthegatewayfromthegigabit- ratecloud-sidetothekilobit-rateedge-sidecommunication,itisnecessarytoabsorb thousandsortensofthousandsoftimeshigherdatatransmissionrate.Moreover,for suchintensivecommunicationload,transientanalysis,notsteady-stateanalysis,is theonlywaytomakesenseofit.Thistransientcommunicationperformanceanalysis will be the key to plan and design the data transmission performance of the entire IoTsystem. This book deals with analysis techniques for TCP, UDP, Web, and SOAP data transmission performance on the IoT cloud-side, CSMA-type and multi-hop data transmission performance on the IoT edge-side, as well as gateway receive buffer andtransmitpacketassemblydatatransmissionperformance. v vi Preface Asmathematicaltoolsfortheanalysisofcommunicationperformance,universal analysis methods such as stochastic processes, queues, Markov processes, and communication traffic simulators are applied to actual examples, and their usage is described in detail. This book aims to provide a lifelong method for analyzing communicationperformancethatwillserveasthebasisforthefutureevolutionof theIoT. I would like to express my gratitude to many people for their cooperation in compilingthisbook.Inparticular,IwouldliketothankProf.HiroshiEsakiofthe GraduateSchoolofInformationScienceandEngineering,theUniversityofTokyo, AssociateProfessorMichikoHarayamaoftheDepartmentofElectronicsandInfor- mationEngineering,FacultyofEngineering,GifuUniversity,Mr.ToshikazuYamai, GeneralManageroftheInfrastructureEngineeringDivisionofIIJ,andMr.Masato Koyama, Manager of the Digital Platform Division of NTT Data, for their advice andsuggestionsonspecificdescriptions.Iwouldliketoappreciatethemembersof SmartGridPowerControlEngineeringJointResearchLaboratory(Ninagawalab)at GifuUniversitywhocontributedtothisbook,particularly,formergraduatestudent Dr.TomohisaYamadaandgraduatestudentMr.AsifIqbal. Finally,thisbookisasummaryofmylife’swork,andIwouldliketoexpressmy gratitudetomywifeforallowingmetospendlonghourswritingathome. Gifu,Japan ChuzoNinagawa Contents 1 IoTCommunicationPerformanceAnalysis ....................... 1 1.1 OverviewofInternetofThings(IoT) .......................... 1 1.1.1 WhatisIoT? ........................................ 1 1.1.2 IoTApplicationServices .............................. 3 1.2 CharacteristicsofIoTCommunications ........................ 5 1.2.1 IoTCommunicationArchitecture ....................... 5 1.2.2 IoTCommunicationProtocols ......................... 9 1.3 IoTCommunicationPerformanceAnalysis ..................... 11 1.3.1 IsCommunicationPerformanceAnalysisNecessary? ..... 11 1.3.2 CommunicationTrafficTransientState .................. 11 1.4 CommunicationPerformanceAnalysisMethods ................ 13 1.4.1 CommunicationPerformanceSimulation ................ 13 1.4.2 TheoreticalPerformanceAnalysis ...................... 15 References ..................................................... 18 2 Edge-SideNetworkCommunicationPerformanceAnalysis ......... 19 2.1 Edge-SideControlNetworkCommunicationinIoT ............. 19 2.1.1 Edge-SideControlNetwork ........................... 19 2.1.2 CSMAMediaAccessMethod ......................... 20 2.2 Theoretical Analysis of Steady-State Performance ofEmbeddedControlNetworks .............................. 22 2.2.1 SerialDataTransmissioninEmbeddedSystems .......... 22 2.2.2 DataTransmissionPerformanceAnalysisModel ......... 25 2.2.3 AnalyticalFormulaforDataTransmissionThroughput .... 26 2.2.4 DataTransmissionDelayAnalysisEquation ............. 29 2.2.5 VerificationofDataTransmissionDelayAnalysis Equation ............................................ 30 2.3 TransientPerformanceSimulationofControlNetworks .......... 32 2.3.1 Control Network Transient Communication PerformanceSimulation .............................. 32 2.3.2 ModelingofTransientBurstCommunicationLoads ....... 33 vii viii Contents 2.3.3 BurstCommunicationLoadSimulation ................. 38 2.3.4 EvaluationofDataTransmissionDelayTime ............ 45 2.4 Transient Performance Theory Analysis of Embedded ControlNetworks .......................................... 47 2.4.1 Load Model for Transient Performance Theory Analysis ............................................ 47 2.4.2 TransientPerformanceTheoreticalAnalysisModel ....... 47 2.4.3 AsymptoticApproximateStateEquation ................ 49 2.4.4 Asymptotic Approximation Method Analysis ExampleandSimulationVerification ................... 53 2.4.5 CommunicationPerformanceofTransientBurstLoad ..... 57 2.5 PerformanceTheoreticalAnalysisofSensorNetworks ........... 58 2.5.1 Multi-hopWirelessDataTransmissionMethod ........... 58 2.5.2 SensorPlacementDistributionModel ................... 61 2.5.3 QuantificationofSensorPlacementSparsity ............. 62 2.5.4 NearestNeighborDistanceComparisonforEach SensorPlacementModel .............................. 64 2.5.5 Multi-hop Data Transmission Time Analysis byProbabilityDistributionFunction .................... 69 2.5.6 StatisticalFittingofMulti-hopDataTransmission Time ............................................... 70 2.6 PerformanceSimulationofSensorNetworks ................... 71 2.6.1 ns-1NetworkSimulator ............................... 71 2.6.2 Multi-hopDataTransmissionSimulation ................ 76 2.6.3 Multi-hopDataTransmissionTimeDistribution .......... 78 References ..................................................... 84 3 Cloud-SideNetworkCommunicationPerformanceAnalysis ........ 87 3.1 Cloud-SideInternetCommunicationinIoT .................... 87 3.1.1 ImportanceofInternetCommunicationPerformance Evaluation .......................................... 87 3.1.2 Examples of Communication Delay in Internet RemoteMonitoring .................................. 89 3.2 TCPProtocolforInternetCommunication ..................... 91 3.2.1 FundamentalsoftheTCPProtocol ..................... 91 3.2.2 OperationoftheTCPProtocol ......................... 92 3.2.3 TCPProtocolConnections ............................ 93 3.2.4 WindowandFlowControlintheTCPProtocol ........... 94 3.2.5 CongestionAlgorithmoftheTCPProtocol .............. 96 3.3 TheoreticalAnalysisModelofTCPDataTransmission .......... 97 3.3.1 StochasticProcessModelofTCP/IPCommunication Protocol ............................................ 97 3.3.2 TCP/IPTriple-ACKPacketLossDetectionModel ........ 99 3.3.3 TCP/IPTimeoutPacketLossDetectionModel ........... 103 3.3.4 ModelofTCP/IPCongestionWindowLimitation ......... 108 Contents ix 3.3.5 ThroughputofTCP/IPDataTransmissionFlow .......... 110 3.4 TheoreticalAnalysisofTCPDataTransmissionPerformance ..... 112 3.4.1 Theoretical Analysis of TCP Transmission Performance ........................................ 112 3.4.2 MeasuredVerificationoftheTheoreticalAnalysis FormulaforTCPTransmissionPerformance ............. 114 References ..................................................... 117 4 EdgeGatewayCommunicationPerformanceAnalysis ............. 119 4.1 FeaturesandConstraintsofEdgeGateways .................... 119 4.1.1 QueueingModelforEdgeGateways .................... 119 4.1.2 AssumedEdge-SideControlNetwork ................... 121 4.1.3 Necessity of Edge Gateway Transmission PerformanceAnalysis ................................ 123 4.2 Cloud-SidePerformanceAnalysisofEdgeGateways ............ 124 4.2.1 GatewayReceiveQueueingModel ..................... 124 4.2.2 TransientAnalysisofGatewayReceiveQueue ........... 127 4.2.3 CalculationofTransientCharacteristicsofGateway ReceiveBuffer ....................................... 131 4.2.4 VerificationofGatewayReceiveBufferCharacteristics Calculation .......................................... 135 4.2.5 EffectsoftheGatewayTransientAnalysisModel ......... 138 4.3 Edge-SidePerformanceAnalysisofEdgeGateways ............. 140 4.3.1 ConstraintsoftheEdge-SideControlNetwork ........... 140 4.3.2 PrioritizationofEdge-SideTransmitBuffer .............. 141 4.3.3 Theoretical Analysis Model of Edge-Side TransmissionPerformance ............................ 142 4.3.4 DelayCalculationofEdge-SideTransmitPriority Buffer .............................................. 145 References ..................................................... 147 5 ApplicationsofIoTCommunicationPerformanceAnalysis ......... 149 5.1 EdgeCommunicationAnalysisofEquipmentControlSystems .... 149 5.1.1 BuildingEquipmentMonitoringandControlSystem ...... 149 5.1.2 BACnetEquipmentControlEdgeCommunication ........ 150 5.1.3 BACnet/IPCommunicationProtocols ................... 151 5.1.4 BACnet/IP Edge Communication Performance SimulationModel .................................... 153 5.1.5 BACnet/IP Edge Communication Performance SimulationExample .................................. 160 5.2 CloudCommunicationPerformanceAnalysisofInternet RemoteMonitoring ......................................... 163 5.2.1 InternetRemotePowerMonitoringandControl .......... 163 5.2.2 WhatisIEEE1888CommunicationProtocol? ............ 163 5.2.3 IEEE1888RemotePowerMonitoringandControl WebService ......................................... 164