iOS 11 Programming Fundamentals with Swift: Swift, Xcode, and Cocoa Basics

645 Pages·2017·6.301 MB·English

by  Matt Neuburg

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iOS 11
Programming
Fundamentals
with Swift
SWIFT, XCODE, AND COCOA BASICS
Matt Neuburg

FOURTH EDITION
iOS 11 Programming
Fundamentals with Swift
Swift, Xcode, and Cocoa Basics
Matt Neuburg
Boston
iOS 11 Programming Fundamentals with Swift, Fourth Edition
by Matt Neuburg
Copyright © 2018 Matt Neuburg. All rights reserved.
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April 2015: First Edition
October 2015: Second Edition
October 2016: Third Edition
October 2017: Fourth Edition
Revision History for the Fourth Edition
2017-09-26: First release
See http://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=0636920107415 for release details.
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ISBN: 978-1-491-99931-8
[LSI]
Table of Contents
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Part I. Language
1. The Architecture of Swift. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Ground of Being 3
Everything Is an Object? 5
Three Flavors of Object Type 6
Variables 6
Functions 8
The Structure of a Swift File 9
Scope and Lifetime 11
Object Members 13
Namespaces 13
Modules 14
Instances 15
Why Instances? 17
The Keyword self 19
Privacy 20
Design 22
Object Types and APIs 23
Instance Creation, Scope, and Lifetime 25
Summary and Conclusion 26
2. Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Function Parameters and Return Value 27
Void Return Type and Parameters 31
Function Signature 32
iii
External Parameter Names 32
Overloading 34
Default Parameter Values 35
Variadic Parameters 35
Ignored Parameters 36
Modifiable Parameters 37
Function In Function 40
Recursion 42
Function As Value 42
Anonymous Functions 45
Define-and-Call 51
Closures 52
How Closures Improve Code 54
Function Returning Function 55
Closure Setting a Captured Variable 58
Closure Preserving Its Captured Environment 59
Escaping Closures 60
Curried Functions 61
Function References and Selectors 62
Function Reference Scope 64
Selectors 65
3. Variables and Simple Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Variable Scope and Lifetime 69
Variable Declaration 71
Computed Initializer 75
Computed Variables 75
Setter Observers 79
Lazy Initialization 80
Built-In Simple Types 82
Bool 82
Numbers 84
String 91
Character and String Index 96
Range 101
Tuple 103
Optional 106
4. Object Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Object Type Declarations and Features 119
Initializers 121
Properties 127
iv | Table of Contents
Methods 130
Subscripts 132
Nested Object Types 135
Instance References 135
Enums 137
Raw Values 138
Associated Values 140
Enum Initializers 142
Enum Properties 143
Enum Methods 144
Why Enums? 145
Structs 146
Struct Initializers, Properties, and Methods 146
Struct As Namespace 148
Classes 148
Value Types and Reference Types 149
Subclass and Superclass 155
Class Initializers 160
Class Deinitializer 168
Class Properties and Methods 168
Polymorphism 170
Casting 174
Casting Down 175
Type Testing and Casting Down Safely 175
Type Testing and Casting Optionals 176
Bridging to Objective-C 177
Type Reference 178
Protocols 183
Why Protocols? 185
Protocol Type Testing and Casting 187
Declaring a Protocol 188
Protocol Composition 189
Optional Protocol Members 190
Class Protocol 192
Implicitly Required Initializers 192
Literal Convertibles 194
Generics 195
Generic Declarations 198
Type Constraints 200
Explicit Specialization 202
Associated Type Chains 204
Where Clauses 207
Table of Contents | v
Extensions 211
Extending Object Types 211
Extending Protocols 213
Extending Generics 215
Umbrella Types 217
Any 217
AnyObject 219
AnyClass 221
Collection Types 222
Array 222
Dictionary 238
Set 245
5. Flow Control and More. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Flow Control 251
Branching 252
Loops 264
Jumping 268
Key Paths 284
Operators 286
Privacy 290
Private and Fileprivate 291
Public and Open 292
Privacy Rules 293
Introspection 293
Memory Management 294
Memory Management of Reference Types 295
Exclusive Access to Value Types 302
Part II. IDE
6. Anatomy of an Xcode Project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
New Project 307
The Project Window 309
The Navigator Pane 311
The Utilities Pane 316
The Editor 318
The Project File and Its Dependents 320
The Target 322
Build Phases 323
Build Settings 325
vi | Table of Contents
Configurations 326
Schemes and Destinations 327
From Project to Running App 330
Build Settings 333
Property List Settings 333
Nib Files 334
Additional Resources 335
Code Files 338
Frameworks and SDKs 338
The App Launch Process 340
The Entry Point 341
UIApplicationMain 342
App Without a Storyboard 344
Renaming Parts of a Project 345
7. Nib Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
The Nib Editor Interface 348
Document Outline 350
Canvas 352
Inspectors and Libraries 355
Nib Loading 356
When Nibs Are Loaded 356
Manual Nib Loading 358
Connections 360
Outlets 360
The Nib Owner 361
Automatically Configured Nibs 365
Misconfigured Outlets 366
Deleting an Outlet 368
More Ways to Create Outlets 368
Outlet Collections 372
Action Connections 372
More Ways to Create Actions 374
Misconfigured Actions 376
Connections Between Nibs — Not! 376
Additional Configuration of Nib-Based Instances 377
8. Documentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
The Documentation Window 381
Class Documentation Pages 383
Quick Help 386
Symbol Declarations 388
Table of Contents | vii
Header Files 389
Sample Code 390
Internet Resources 390
9. Life Cycle of a Project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Runtime Environment 393
Backward Compatibility 394
Device Type 396
Version Control 397
Editing and Navigating Your Code 400
Autocompletion 401
Snippets 403
Structure Stubs 404
Fix-it and Live Syntax Checking 404
Navigation 405
Finding 407
Refactoring 408
Running in the Simulator 409
Debugging 410
Caveman Debugging 410
The Xcode Debugger 412
Testing 419
Clean 424
Running on a Device 425
Obtaining a Developer Program Membership 426
Signing an App 427
Automatic Signing 428
Obtaining a Development Certificate Manually 430
Obtaining a Development Provisioning Profile Manually 431
Running the App 434
Managing Development Certificates and Devices 434
Profiling 435
Gauges 435
Memory Debugging 436
Instruments 437
Localization 440
Distribution 445
Making an Archive 445
Obtaining a Distribution Certificate 446
Obtaining a Distribution Profile 447
Ad Hoc Distribution 448
Final App Preparations 450
viii | Table of Contents