Ionization and Plasma Dynamics of Single Large Xenon Clusters in Superintense XUV Pulses PDF
Preview Ionization and Plasma Dynamics of Single Large Xenon Clusters in Superintense XUV Pulses
Springer Theses Recognizing Outstanding Ph.D. Research Daniela Rupp Ionization and Plasma Dynamics of Single Large Xenon Clusters in Superintense XUV Pulses Springer Theses Recognizing Outstanding Ph.D. Research Aims and Scope The series “Springer Theses” brings together a selection of the very best Ph.D. theses from around the world and across the physical sciences. Nominated and endorsed by two recognized specialists, each published volume has been selected foritsscientificexcellenceandthehighimpactofitscontentsforthepertinentfield of research. For greater accessibility to non-specialists, the published versions includeanextendedintroduction,aswellasaforewordbythestudent’ssupervisor explainingthespecialrelevanceoftheworkforthefield.Asawhole,theserieswill provide a valuable resource both for newcomers to the research fields described, and for other scientists seeking detailed background information on special questions. Finally, it provides an accredited documentation of the valuable contributions made by today’s younger generation of scientists. Theses are accepted into the series by invited nomination only and must fulfill all of the following criteria (cid:129) They must be written in good English. (cid:129) ThetopicshouldfallwithintheconfinesofChemistry,Physics,EarthSciences, Engineeringandrelatedinterdisciplinary fields such asMaterials,Nanoscience, Chemical Engineering, Complex Systems and Biophysics. (cid:129) The work reported in the thesis must represent a significant scientific advance. (cid:129) Ifthethesisincludespreviouslypublishedmaterial,permissiontoreproducethis must be gained from the respective copyright holder. (cid:129) They must have been examined and passed during the 12 months prior to nomination. (cid:129) Each thesis should include a foreword by the supervisor outlining the signifi- cance of its content. (cid:129) The theses should have a clearly defined structure including an introduction accessible to scientists not expert in that particular field. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8790 Daniela Rupp Ionization and Plasma Dynamics of Single Large Xenon Clusters in Superintense XUV Pulses Doctoral Thesis accepted by Technical University, Berlin, Germany 123 Author Supervisor Dr. Daniela Rupp Prof. ThomasMöller Institut für OptikundAtomare Physik Institut für OptikundAtomare Physik Technische UniversitätBerlin Technische UniversitätBerlin Berlin Berlin Germany Germany ISSN 2190-5053 ISSN 2190-5061 (electronic) SpringerTheses ISBN978-3-319-28647-1 ISBN978-3-319-28649-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-28649-5 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015959932 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor foranyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAGSwitzerland It is structure that we look for whenever we try to understand anything. All science is built upon this search Linus Pauling in The place of chemistry in the integration of sciences. Main currents in modern thought, 7, 110 (1950) ’ Supervisor s Foreword MorethanahundredyearsagoWilhelmConradRöntgendiscoveredanewtypeof radiation, named by him as X rays. Already within the first years after invention theydevelopedintoanextremelypowerfultoolwhichchangedprofoundlyawhole branch of science. Thanks to their short wavelength and the ability to transmit through matter, X rays have developed into one of the most important diagnostic tools in science, medicineandtechnology.Incontrasttohighpoweropticallasers,whichnowadays are used for example for welding, X-ray sources are usually assumed to be weak; wedon’tseeandfeelXrays.Now,withtheadventofX-raylasersbasedonparticle accelerators, so called free-electron-lasers (FELs), X-ray beams and pulses with power densities of up to 1018 W/cm2 have become available, many orders of magnitude more intense than needed for welding. Thanks to their high intensity they can beused for dynamicstudies of nanoscaleobjects onthenatural timescale of molecular vibration and electron motion. On the other hand the focused X rays cantransferallkindsofmatterintoaplasmastatewithinfemtoseconds.Therefore, in order to make use of them, it is necessary to gain an understanding of their interaction with matter, which can deviate from that at low doses. This brings me to the topic of Daniela’s thesis. She has been studying the interactionbetweenintenseshortwavelengthlightpulsesemittedfromanFEL,the FLASH facility in Hamburg, with matter. As samples she uses large rare gas clusters which have been established as model systems for light–matter interaction sincetheirsizecanbeeasilyvariedandthustheyallowfordistinguishingbetween atomic and condensed matter effects. A key aspect of Daniela’s work is the investigation of single, individual clusters. This allows her to circumvent the problem of averaging over cluster size and power densities und thus to generate very meaningful experimental data. She could show how those clusters grow and studied how the clusters transform into highly excited nanoplasma upon vii viii Supervisor’sForeword illumination with intense light pulses. These future shaping results are not only important for imaging of gas-phase nanoparticles but also for other fields ranging from material science to bio- and plasma physics. Berlin, Germany Prof. Thomas Möller December 2015 Abstract Inthisworkfundamentalmechanismsoftheinteractionbetweenmatterandstrong short-wavelengthpulseshavebeeninvestigated.Fortheexperimentsultrashortand highly intense light pulses in the extreme-ultraviolet spectral regime from the Free-Electron Laser in Hamburg FLASH have been used. They provide access to new fields of experiments such as imaging of single nanometer-sized structures. Rare gas clusters in the gas phase were investigated as ideal model systems for light–matter interaction. From the scattering patterns of individual clusters, their size and shape as well as the power density they were exposed to can be deter- mined. But also light-induced changes in the clusters on a femtosecond timescale are encoded in the scattered light. By combining single cluster imaging with the coincident measurement of ion spectra, it is possible to sort the single shot data based on the information in the scattering patterns. Thus, the averaging of cluster size distributions and FEL power density profiles which has been apparent in virtuallyallpreviousstudiesonraregasclusterscanbeovercome.Thewell-defined conditionsinthesingleshotdatasortedforclustersizeyielduniqueinsightintothe nanoplasma dynamics. Large xenon clusters with diameters of hundreds of nanometers up to microns could be produced and investigated for the first time. Their scattering patterns reveal a complex, hailstone-like structure, yielding new insight into cluster mor- phology and growth mechanisms. The characteristic energy distributions of the ions determined from the time-of-flightspectraofverylargesinglexenonclustersindicatethatonlyionsfrom the outermost atomic monolayer of the cluster explode off. At the same time, the highly efficient recombination in the remaining, quasi-neutral nanoplasma allows for most atoms in the cluster to return back to neutral state. From the corresponding scattering patterns intensity profiles can be extracted. Mie theory yields insight into the optical properties of the clusters. In the intensity profilesoflargeclusters,modulationsareobservedwhichindicatethedevelopment ix x Abstract of a core–shell system within the nanoplasma. The core and a shell that is up to 50 nm thick differ in the optical properties, yielding insight into ultrafast rearrangements of the electronic structure of the cluster. TheoriginalversionofthisthesiswasexaminedonMay30,2013.Forthisbook some revisions have been made, in particular recent citations have been updated.
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