Ion Channels of Excitable Cells

381 Pages·1994·8.465 MB·English

by  Toshio Narahashi (Eds.)

Methods in Neurosciences
Editor-in-Chief
P. Michael Conn
Methods in Neurosciences
Volume 19
Ion Channels of Excitable Cells
Edited by
Toshio Narahashi
Department of Pharmacology
Northwestern University Medical School
Chicago, Illinois
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
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Front cover photograph: A cartoon of an ion channel embedded in a lipid bilayer
membrane. The channel comprises five subunits. The inset shows a cross-sectional
view.
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Copyright © 1994 by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
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Contributors to Volume 19
Article numbers are in parentheses following the names of contributors. Affiliations listed are current.
NORIO AKAIKE (8), Department of Physiology, Kyushu University Faculty
of Medicine, Fukuoka 812, Japan
EDSON X. ALBUQUERQUE (7), Department of Pharmacology and Experi-
mental Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Balti-
more, Maryland 21201, and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology II, Insti-
tute of Biophysics "Carlos Chagas Filho," Federal University of Rio de
Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21914, Brazil
SIMON ALFORD (18), Department of Physiology, Northwestern University
Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611
MANICKAVASAGOM ALKONDON (7), Department of Pharmacology and Ex-
perimental Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Balti-
more, Maryland 21201
KIMON J. ANGELIDES (17), Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of
Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
RAMESH BANGALORE (10), Department of Physiology, University of Roch-
ester, Rochester, New York 14642
NEWTON G. CASTRO (7), Department of Pharmacology and Experimental
Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore,
Maryland 21201, and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology II, Institute of
Biophysics "Carlos Chagas Filho," Federal University of Rio de Janeiro,
Rio de Janeiro 21914, Brazil
S. Y. CHIU (6), Department of Neurophysiology, University of Wisconsin—
Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
GRAHAM L. COLLINGRIDGE (18), Department of Pharmacology, The Medi-
cal School, University of Birmingham, Edgebaston, Birmingham B15 2TT,
United Kingdom
JOHN A. DREWE (13), CoCensys Inc., Irvine, California 92718
JAMES EBERWINE (3), Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsyl-
vania Medical School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
JERRY M. FARLEY (12), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Uni-
versity of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
vu
VÜi CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 19
ANTONIO V. FERRER-MONTIEL (19), Department of Biology, University of
California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
STEVEN R. GLAUM (18), Department of Pharmacological and Physiological
Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
ANNE GROVE (19), Department of Biology, University of California, San
Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
NOBUTOSHI HARATA (8), Department of Physiology, Kyushu University
Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka 812, Japan
HALI A. HARTMANN (13), Department of Molecular Physiology and Bio-
physics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
VICTOR HENZI (15), Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics and
the Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New
York, New York 10032
BARRY W. HICKS (17), Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medi-
cine, Houston, Texas 77030
ROBERT S. KASS (10), Department of Physiology, University of Rochester,
Rochester, New York 14642
GLENN E. KIRSCH (13), Department of Anesthesiology, Baylor College of
Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
HENRY A. LESTER (14), Division of Biology, California Institute of Technol-
ogy, Pasadena, California 91125
AMY B. MACDERMOTT (15), Department of Physiology and Cellular Bio-
physics and the Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia Univer-
sity, New York, New York 10032
JOHN F. MACDONALD (16), Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4Y 1R5
MAURICIO MONTAL (19), Department of Biology, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
JOSEPH G. MONTES (7), Department of Pharmacology and Experimental
Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore,
Maryland 21201
TOSHIO NARAHASHI (2), Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern Uni-
versity Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611
EDNA F. R. PEREIRA (7), Department of Pharmacology and Experimental
Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore,
CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 19 IX
Maryland 21201, and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology II, Institute of
Biophysics "Carlos Chagas Filho," Federal University of Rio de Janeiro,
Rio de Janeiro 21914, Brazil
DONALD G. PURO (4), Departments of Ophthalmology and Physiology, The
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
FRED N. QUANDT (1), Department of Physiology and Multiple Sclerosis
Research Center, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois 60612
MICHAEL W. QUICK (14), Division of Biology, California Institute of Tech-
nology, Pasadena, California 91125
MARTIN D. RAYNER (5), Department of Physiology, School of Medicine,
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
DAVID B. REICHLING (15), Department of Anatomy, University of Califor-
nia, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
DAVID J. ROSSI (18), Department of Physiology, Northwestern University
Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611
MARY LOUISE ROY (2), Department of Neurology, Yale University School
of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
MICHAEL W. SALTER (16), Division of Neuroscience, Hospital for Sick Chil-
dren, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
MICHAEL C. SANGUINETTI (11), Division of Cardiology, University of Utah,
Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
MICHAEL F. SHEETS (9), Department of Medicine and The Feinberg Cardio-
vascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Medical School, Chi-
cago, Illinois 60611
P. SHRAGER (6), Department of Physiology, University of Rochester Medi-
cal Center, Rochester, New York 14642
N. TRAVERSE SLATER (18), Department of Physiology, Northwestern Uni-
versity Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611
JOHN G. STARKUS (5), Bekesy Laboratory of Neurobiology, Pacific Bio-
medical Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
96822
D. JAMES SURMEIER (3), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Uni-
versity of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
X CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 19
ROBERT E. TEN EICK (9), Department of Pharmacology and The Feinberg
Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Medical
School, Chicago, Illinois 60611
LU-YANG WANG (16), Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Uni-
versity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4Y 1R5
C. J. WILSON (3), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of
Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
Preface
Studies of ion channels have a long history. The first technical breakthrough
was made by K.S. Cole who developed the voltage clamp technique in 1949,
a technique extensively applied to squid giant axons by A.L. Hodgkin, A.F.
Huxley, and B. Katz in their 1952 studies which clearly established the
roles of sodium and potassium channels in nerve excitation. Although the
original voltage clamp technique utilizing internal axial wire electrodes al-
lowed extremely elegant and precise measurements of ion channel activity,
it was not an easy technique to use at that time and, above all, its applicabil-
ity was limited to certain preparations such as giant axons and nodes of
Ranvier. Studies of neurotransmitter-activated channels were still difficult,
and the application of voltage clamp techniques was limited mostly to those
of muscle end plates and snail giant neurons. Thus, although a number of
epoch-making developments and discoveries had been made through voltage
clamp studies of various ion channels, progress was relatively slow, and the
popularity of ion channel study was confined to certain groups of specialists.
Another quantum leap was made by E. Neher and B. Sakmann in 1976
when they successfully recorded single channel activity by using patch elec-
trodes. Although the original patch-clamp technique was far from perfect, it
was greatly improved in 1981 by the same group of investigators who devel-
oped gigaohm seal techniques, which broadened applicability to whole cell
as well as single channel records. Since gigaohm patch-clamp techniques are
applicable to practically any type of cell, the study of ion channels has
become explosively popular. The techniques can now be used not only for
neurons, but also for a variety of cells including, but not limited to, skeletal,
smooth, and cardiac muscles, secretory cells, lymphocytes, and red blood
cells.
The popularity of ion channel study was also aided by the development
and application of at least two other techniques, i.e., molecular biology and
imaging. Researchers of ion channels were quick to adopt molecular biology
techniques for the determination of channel molecular structures. A variety
of imaging techniques have also been used for the measurement of intracellu-
lar components that are controlled by ion channel activity. Today rapid
progress is being made in the channel field by combining techniques such as
patch clamp, molecular biology, and imaging. Because of the highly signifi-
cant and widely recognized roles of ion channels in physiology, pathophysi-
ology, pharmacology, and toxicology, the term "ion channel" has now be-
come a household word in the biomédical sciences.
XI
xii PREFACE
Since so many different ion channels and their subtypes have been discov-
ered and are being studied in a variety of preparations, it was deemed highly
useful to publish a volume devoted exclusively to ion channel methodology.
Thus, this volume covers preparations and techniques for the study of vari-
ous ion channels. Both voltage-gated and ligand-gated ion channels of
neurons, axons, and cardiac and smooth muscles are included as are
patch-clamp techniques as applied to different cells and other contempo-
rary techniques as related to electrophysiology. These techniques com-
prise molecular biology, imaging, lipid bilayers, and channel expression in
oocytes. Although it was impossible to cover all types of channels and
methodologies currently in use, the chapters in this volume provide basic
techniques which can be applied to other channels and cells with appropriate
modifications. Other volumes of the Methods in Neurosciences series com-
plement this one, particularly Volume 4, Electrophysiology and Micro-
injection.
TOSHIO NARAHASHI
Methods in Neurosciences
Volume 1 Gene Probes
Edited by P. Michael Conn
Volume 2 Cell Culture
Edited by P. Michael Conn
Volume 3 Quantitative and Qualitative Microscopy
Edited by P. Michael Conn
Volume 4 Electrophysiology and Microinjection
Edited by P. Michael Conn
Volume 5 Neuropeptide Technology: Gene Expression and Neuropeptide Receptors
Edited by P. Michael Conn
Volume 6 Neuropeptide Technology: Synthesis, Assay, Purification, and Processing
Edited by P. Michael Conn
Volume 7 Lesions and Transplantation
Edited by P. Michael Conn
Volume 8 Neurotoxins
Edited by P. Michael Conn
Volume 9 Gene Expression in Neural Tissues
Edited by P. Michael Conn
Volume 10 Computers and Computations in the Neurosciences
Edited by P. Michael Conn
Volume 11 Receptors: Model Systems and Specific Receptors
Edited by P. Michael Conn
Volume 12 Receptors: Molecular Biology, Receptor Subclasses, Localization, and Ligand Design
Edited by P. Michael Conn
Volume 13 Neuropeptide Analogs, Conjugates, and Fragments
Edited by P. Michael Conn
Volume 14 Paradigms for the Study of Behavior
Edited by P. Michael Conn
Volume 15 Photoreceptor Cells
Edited by Paul A. Hargrave
Volume 16 Neurobiology of Cytokines (Part A)
Edited by Errol B. De Souza
Volume 17 Neurobiology of Cytokines (Part B)
Edited by Errol B. De Souza
Volume 18 Lipid Metabolism in Signaling Systems
Edited by John N. Fain
Volume 19 Ion Channels of Excitable Cells
Edited by Toshio Narahashi
Volume 20 Pulsatility in Neuroendocrine Systems (in preparation)
Edited by Jon E. Levine
Volume 21 Providing Pharmacological Access to the Brain: Alternate Approaches (in preparation)
Edited by Thomas R. Flanagan, Dwaine F. Erne rich, and Shelley R. Winn
Xlll