Investor Protection and Corporate Governance: Firm-level Evidence Across Latin America (Latin American Development Forum) (Latin American Development Forum)

324 Pages·2007·2.69 MB·English

by  Alberto Chong

INTERNATIONAL
MIGRATION,
ECONOMIC
Development
&
POLICY
Editors
Çaglar Özden • Maurice Schiff
(c) The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
(c) The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
International
Migration,
Economic
Development &
Policy
(c) The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
(c) The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
International
Migration,
Economic
Development &
Policy
-
Çaglar Özden
and Maurice Schiff, Editors
A copublication of the World Bank
and Palgrave Macmillan
(c) The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
© 2007 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
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All rights reserved
1 2 3 4 10 09 08 07
A copublication ofThe World Bank and Palgrave Macmillan.
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ISBN-10: 0-8213-6935-0 (Soft cover)
ISBN-10: 0-8213-7028-6 (Hard cover)
eISBN-10: 0-8213-6936-9
eISBN-13: 978-0-8213-6935-7
DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-6935-7
Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
International migration,economic development,and policy :overview / edited by Çag¯lar Özden and Maurice Schiff.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-8213-6935-7
ISBN-10: 0-8213-6935-0
ISBN-10: 0-8213-6936-9 (electronic)
1. Emigration and immigration. 2. Emigrant remittances. 3. Emigration and immigration—Economic
aspects. I. Özden,Çag¯lar. II. Schiff,Maurice W. III. World Bank.
JV6035.G57 2007
304.8—dc22
2007011294
Cover photo:Corbis
Cover designer:Tomoko Hirata
(c) The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
Contents
Foreword xi
Contributors xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Abbreviations xvii
Overview 1
Ça¯glar Özden and Maurice Schiff
Part I GLOBAL MIGRATION DATABASE
1 Quantifying International Migration: A Database
of Bilateral Migrant Stocks 17
Christopher R.Parsons,Ronald Skeldon,Terrie L.Walmsley,
and L.Alan Winters
Part II IMPACT ON DEVELOPMENT
2 The Impact of Remittances on Poverty and Human
Capital: Evidence from Latin American Household
Surveys 59
Pablo Acosta,Pablo Fajnzylber,and J.Humberto Lopez
3 Does Work Migration Spur Investment in Origin
Communities? Entrepreneurship, Schooling,
and Child Health in Rural Pakistan 99
Ghazala Mansuri
4 Entrepreneurship, Labor Markets, and International
Remittances: Evidence from El Salvador 141
Pablo Acosta
v
(c) The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
vi Contents
5 The Demographic Benefit of International Migration:
A Hypothesis and Its Application to Middle Eastern
and North African Contexts 161
Philippe Fargues
Part III HOST COUNTRY POLICY EFFECTS
6 Immigration Incentives and Policy in Switzerland 183
Dominique M.Gross
7 The Impact of an Ex-Ante Job Offer Requirement on
Labor Migration: The New Zealand-Tongan Experience 215
John Gibson and David McKenzie
Part IV RETURN MIGRATION
8 Returns to Overseas Work Experience:
The Case of Egypt 235
Jackline Wahba
9 Foreign-Born Migration to and from Norway 259
Bernt Bratsberg,Oddbjørn Raaum,and Kjetil Sørlie
INDEX 291
Figures
1.1 Bilateral Migration Stocks 37
1.2 Source Country Shares ofCertain Destination Regions 38
1.3 Destinations ofEmigrants from Source Regions 39
1.4 Migration and Common Language 42
1.5 Migrants and Distance 46
2.1 Remittances to Latin America in 2004 65
2.2 Share ofHouseholds Receiving Remittances 67
2.3 Households Receiving Remittances by Quintile ofthe
Distribution ofNonremittances Income 69
2.4 Average Years ofEducation for Adults Age 22 to 65 85
2.5 Differences in School Enrollment Rates for 12–17 Year Olds
by Remittances Recipient Status 86
2.6 Anthropometric Measures for Children Age one to five,
by Remittances Recipient Status:Guatemala 93
2.7 Anthropometric Measures for Children Age one to five,
by Remittances Recipient Status:Nicaragua 94
3A.1 Enrollment and Dropout Rates,by Age and Wealth 137
3A.2 Gender Differences in Child Labor,by Age 138
3A.3 Gender Differences in Child Labor,by Wealth 139
4.1 El Salvador,International Migrant Remittances Flows,1978–2004 145
5.1 A Framework ofthe Impact ofInternational Migration
on Birth Rates 165
(c) The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
Contents vii
5.2 Migration and Fertility in the Middle East and North Africa
at the Time ofMaximum Variation in Fertility 170
5.3 Remittances and Birth Rates in Egypt 173
5.4 Remittances and Birth Rates in Morocco 174
5.5 Emigration to the Gulfand the Transition ofFertility in Egypt
at the Time ofthe GulfWar (1991),by Governorate 175
5.6 Emigration and the Fertility Transition by Province in Morocco 175
5.7 Emigration and Fertility by Province in Turkey,2000 176
6.1 Level ofPermanent Foreign Population and
Unemployment Rate 187
6.2 Employment ofForeign and Swiss Populations 189
6.3 Total Inflow and Outflow ofForeign Permanent Residents 189
6.4 Shares ofInflow ofPermanent Residents by Motives 192
6.5 Distribution ofImmigrants from Some Regions ofOrigin 195
9.1 Immigration to Norway,1967–2003 262
9.2 Immigrant Flows to Norway,by Gender 266
9.3 Fraction ofImmigrants Remaining in Norway,by Gender 269
9.4 Fraction ofImmigrants Remaining in Norway,by Gender
and Region ofOrigin 271
9.5 Kernel Density Plots ofDuration until Reimmigration 286
Tables
1.1 Who Qualifies as a Migrant? 20
1.2 Disparities between the Foreign Born and Foreign Migrants
in Portugal 21
1.3 New Caledonia Migrant Split on the Basis ofPopulation Shares
for Melanesia 25
1.4 Population Splits 26
1.5 Propensity Shares for “Other Oceania”Split for Portugal 31
1.6 Database Versions 32
1.7 Share ofMigrant Population in Total and from/to Neighboring
Country 34
1.8 Percentage ofWorld Migrants Recorded as a Bilateral Movement
between Pairs ofCountries/Regions 36
1.9 Migration Intensity Measures 41
1.10 Migration and Language:Migration Intensity Measures 43
1.11 Average Distance between Original and Destination
Countries 45
1.12 Average Difference in GNI Per Capita between Original and
Destination Countries 47
2.1 Household Surveys Used 66
2.2 Two-Step Estimates ofNonrecipient Households’Income 73
2.3 Two-Step Estimates ofNonrecipient Households’Income:
First-Step Results ofAuxiliary Regressions 75
2.4 Impact ofRemittances on Headcount Poverty 78
(c) The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
viii Contents
2.5 Impact ofRemittances on Headcount Poverty 79
2.6 Impact ofRemittances on Headcount Poverty 80
2.7 Impact ofRemittances on Headcount Poverty 81
2.8 Access to Remittances and Children’s Education:OLS 87
2.9 Remittances and Children’s Education by Mother’s Education 89
2.10 Remittances and Health Outcomes 95
3.1 Migration and Household Structure 108
3.2 Impact ofReturn Migration on Household Investment in
Nonfarm Enterprises 112
3.3 Impact ofReturn Migration on Household Investment in
Farm Assets 113
3.4 Impact ofReturn Migration on the Purchase of
Agricultural Land 114
3.5 Impact ofMigration on Schooling and Child Labor 119
3.6 Child Schooling in Migrant Households 124
3.7 Impact ofMigration on Child Growth 128
3A.1 Migrants’Region ofOrigin and Destination 135
3A.2 Determinants ofMigration and Return Migration 136
4.1 Descriptive Differences by Remittances Recipient Status,
2000 Household Survey 147
4.2 Probit and Tobit Results for Labor Force Participation and
Hours Worked,2000 Household Survey 150
4.3 IV Probit and 2SLS Results for Labor Force Participation and
Hours Worked,2000 Household Survey 152
4.4 Probit and Tobit Results for Self-Employment and Business
Ownership,2000 Household Survey 154
4.5 IV Probit Results for Self-Employment and Business Ownership,
2000 Household Survey 156
5.1 Total Fertility Rates ofForeign Citizen Women Residing in
France Compared with Women in Their Country ofOrigin
and with French Women,Around 1980,1990,and 2000 167
5.2 Total Fertility Rates in 1999 Among Foreign Women Residing
in France According to Date ofImmigration 168
5.3 Correlation Coefficients Among Emigration,Education,and
Fertility in Egypt,Morocco,and Turkey 176
5A.1 Estimation ofNet Migration Using UN Sources—Example
ofMorocco,1950–2000 182
6.1 Quotas on One-Year and Seasonal Permits,
November to October 188
6.2 Composition ofForeign Labor Force 191
6.3 Permanent Residents in Switzerland by Source Country 197
6.4 Percent ofMigrants from the Former Yugoslavia in Total
Migrant Flow from All Countries 199
(c) The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank