To my parents, name and name, in gratitude for their encouragement and support. v Abstract All bettors, including the ”House,” experience losing streaks and winning streaks. The House typically has a ”bankroll” that is orders of magnitude larger than that of any individual bettor, and so can survive losing streaks without going bankrupt, thus remaining solvent long enough to win. Online wagering provides a new twist to this age-old scenario. We use elementary mathematical principles together with the idea of a virtual infinite sample sizeandtheeliminationoftimeasaconstrainttodevelopafail-proofsystem that generates the greatest possible exponential growth of capital. Let σ (stake) be the amount you wish to invest or wager each time and ρ (return) be your return or odds on a proposition. Let n (number) be the sum of consecutive loosing investments or number of times you can loose on an identical proposition before depleting a specified amount of investment capital called β ( bankroll). The resultant equation, which I call the : n i Investment Betters Algorithm (IBA) β = 2σ (ρ ) Xi=0 provides the answer to remaining solvent long enough to outlast the irra- tionalityofthesimulatedonline”wagersopenmarket”throughageometric progression. The augmented bankroll β , calculated slightly higher than the typical sum of the Geometric Series, can serve as a safeguard to capital ruin by it extreme disproportion to. Consider further the expected value of even money propositions, a virtual infinite sample size, and the elimination of time as a constraint and you have a no fail system to generate the greatest progressive exponential growth of capital. Current problems associated with financial return optimization algo- rithms are identified and discussed. Probable solutions to those problems are also prescribed along with improvements to diversified portfolio design. vii Contents Acknowledgements iv Abstract v 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation for Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Turning Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.3 Statement Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2 Philosophy 14 2.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.2 Empirical Mathematical Basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.3 The next worse thing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3 What’s at stake ? 40 3.1 Which Wager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 3.2 How much to Wager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.3 How much bankroll do you need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 4 Advantages 50 4.1 Better off with IBA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 4.2 Advantages to Kelly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4.3 Advantages to Martingale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.4 General Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 5 Results 86 5.1 Outcome of Algorithm Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 5.2 Earning Capabilities of IBA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 5.3 DataSet Wagering of Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 5.4 Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 6 References 109 6.1 Links and Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Bibliography 111 1 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation for Experiment There are several mathematical strategies behind picking an optimal win- ning wagering schema that many professional players use constantly to get a slightly higher wining percentage than what is expected. This is similar to the approach many investors take in attempting to beat the open mar- ket by finding the next winning stock that will have a runaway winning season, so to speak, in the largest international legal casino on the planet, which happens to be the stock market. It’s widely accepted in the economic universe that the market cannot be beat; but what about the Casinos and Sports books ? In an analytical work for Fortune and CNN Money published in 2002 titled ’Is The Market Rational? No, say the experts . . .’ Justin Fox [9] summarizes the underlying message of Chicago professor Eugene Fama’s address to the American Finance Association in 1969[7] as: In an efficient
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