Investigative Journalism in the Arab World: Issues and Challenges PDF
Preview Investigative Journalism in the Arab World: Issues and Challenges
PalgraveStudiesinCommunicationforSocialChange Series Editors: Pradip Ninan Thomas, The University of Queensland, Australia,andElskevandeFliert,TheUniversityofQueensland,Australia AdvisoryBoard:SilvioWaisbord,GeorgeWashingtonUniversity,USA,Karin G. Wilkins, University of Texas at Austin, USA, Thomas Tufte, Roskilde University, Denmark, Zaharom Nain, University of Nottingham, Malaysia Campus, Rico Lie, Wageningen University, The Netherlands, Claudia Mitchell, McGill University, Canada, Jo Tacchi, RMIT University, Australia, Nicholas Carah, The University of Queensland, Australia, and Zala Volcic, PomonaCollege,Claremont,USA Communication for Social Change (CSC) is a defined field of academic enquiry that is explicitly transdisciplinary and that has been shaped by a varietyoftheoreticalinputsfromavarietyoftraditions,fromsociologyand developmenttosocialmovementstudies.Theleveragingofcommunication, informationandthemediainsocialchangeisthebasisforaglobalindustry that is supported by governments, development aid agencies, foundations, andinternationalandlocalNGOs.Itisalsothebasisformultipleinterven- tions at grassroots levels, with participatory communication processes and communitymediamakingadifferencethroughraisingawareness,mobilising communities,strengtheningempowermentandcontributingtolocalchange. ThisseriesonCommunicationforSocialChangeintentionallyprovidesthe spaceforcriticalwritingsinCSCtheory,practice,policy,strategyandmeth- ods.Itfillsagapinthefieldbyexploringnewthinking,institutionalcritiques and innovative methods. It offers the opportunity for scholars and practi- tionerstoengagewithCSCasbothanindustryandalocalpractice,shaped by political economy as much as by local cultural needs. The series explic- itly intends to highlight, critique and explore the gaps between ideological promise,institutionalperformanceandrealitiesofpractice. Titlesinclude: TinaAskaniusandLivStubbeØstergaard(editors) RECLAIMINGTHEPUBLICSPHERE Communication,PowerandSocialChange SabaBebawi INVESTIGATIVEJOURNALISMINTHEARABWORLD IssuesandChallenges LeviObijiofor NEWTECHNOLOGIESINDEVELOPINGSOCIETIES FromTheorytoPractice PradipNinanThomasandElskevandeFliert INTERROGATINGTHETHEORYANDPRACTICEOFCOMMUNICATION FORSOCIALCHANGE TheBasisforaRenewal SonjaVivienne DIGITALIDENTITYANDEVERYDAYACTIVISM SharingPrivateStorieswithNetworkedPublics ZalaVolcicandMarkAndrejevic COMMERCIALNATIONALISM SellingtheNationandNationalizingtheSell PalgraveStudiesinCommunicationforSocialChange SeriesStandingOrderISBN978–1–137–36166–0(hardback) (outsideNorthAmericaonly) Youcanreceivefuturetitlesinthisseriesastheyarepublishedbyplacinga standingorder.Pleasecontactyourbookselleror,incaseofdifficulty,writeto usattheaddressbelowwithyournameandaddress,thetitleoftheseriesand theISBNquotedabove. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke,HampshireRG216XS,England Investigative Journalism in the Arab World Issues and Challenges Saba Bebawi UniversityofTechnologySydney,Australia ©SabaBebawi2016 Softcoverreprintofthehardcover1stedition2016 978-1-137-46103-2 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorhasassertedherrighttobeidentifiedastheauthorofthis workinaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2016by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-56408-8 ISBN 978-1-137-46104-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137461049 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Bebawi,Saba,1974– InvestigativejournalismintheArabworld:issuesand challenges/SabaBebawi, UniversityofTechnology,Sydney,Australia. pages cm.—(Palgravestudiesincommunicationforsocialchange) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. 1. Journalism—Arabcountries. 2. Investigativereporting—Arab countries. 3. Pressandpolitics—Arabcountries. I. Title. PN5359.B492015 079.174(cid:2)927—dc23 2015021825 For all the journalists who have risked their lives to tell the truth This page intentionally left blank Contents ListofTables ix Acknowledgements x Introduction 1 HistoricalaccountofmediaintheArabworld 6 InvestigativejournalismintheArabworld 9 Issuesandchallenges 10 Planofthebook 14 1 TheRiseofInvestigativeJournalismGloballyandin theArabWorld 18 Thehistoricalemergenceofinvestigativejournalism 21 ExperiencesofArabinvestigativereporting 28 2 InvestigativeJournalismTraining 41 Theprocess 48 Sustainability 51 Opinionandfact 53 Timedelays 55 Self-censorship 56 3 InvestigativeJournalismPractice 60 Jordan 62 Egypt 66 Syria 70 Lebanon 75 Tunisia 79 Yemen 83 Iraq 86 Palestine 91 Bahrain 96 vii viii Contents 4 RegulatoryFrameworksandFreedomofInformation 102 AccesstoinformationinArabcountries 105 TheJordanianexperience 106 TheYemeniexperience 111 TheTunisianexperience 115 5 IssuesandChallenges 120 Stateandgovernmentcontrol 121 Socialpressure 125 Cultureofjournalism 132 Journalismeducation 137 Funding 144 6 TheWayForward 150 Investigativejournalismanddeliberation 151 Impactjournalism 158 Thefuture? 161 References 167 Index 174 Tables 5.1 ARIJfunding,2005–2017 147 5.2 ARIJinvestigativeoutput,2015–2017 148 ix
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