Investigation of coated sands and peat for use in golf course putting green construction PDF
Preview Investigation of coated sands and peat for use in golf course putting green construction
INVESTIGATIONOFCOATEDSANDSANDPEATFORUSEINGOLF COURSEPUTTINGGREENCONSTRUCTION By RAYMONDHEFTSNYDER ADISSERTATIONPRESENTEDTOTHEGRADUATESCHOOL OFTHEUNIVERSITYOFFLORIDAINPARTIALFULFILLMENT OFTHEREQUIREMENTSFORTHEDEGREEOF DOCTOROFPHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITYOFFLORIDA 2003 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IwishtoexpressmysincereappreciationtoDr.JerryB.Sartain,thechairmanof mysupervisorycommittee,forhisgeneroussupportandsteadyguidancethroughoutmy graduatestudies. Iamalsogratefultotheothermembersofmysupervisorycommittee. Dr.PeterNkedi-Kizza,Dr.WillieG.Harris,andDr.MaxA.Brown,fortheirgenerous assistanceandpersistentencouragement. Finally,Iamespeciallygratefultosupervisory committeememberDr.JohnL.CisarfordevotinghistimeandenergytoinsurethatImet mylifeandprofessionalambitions. SpecialthanksgotoKarenWilliams,DavidRich,NormanHarrison,John Wissinger,GwenWilliams,EvaKing,DaraPark,GaryPeterson,NathanMincey. KonstantinosMakris,EdHopewoodJ.r.,andArchanaKattelfortheirgenerouseffortsin thelaboratoryandfield. IamespeciallythankfultomyfellowgraduatestudentEricA. Brownforhisdedicatedsupportthroughoutmygraduatestudies. IamforeverindebtedtomyparentsDr.GeorgeandCaridadSnyderandmy brotherDr.RichardSnyder. Withouttheirlove,support,andsacrificeIwouldnotbethe personIamtoday. Thisdissertationstandstributetotheirefforts. 11 TABLEOFCONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS " LISTOFTABLES v ABSTRACT xii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 REVIEWOFLITERATURE 5 CoatedSand 5 Peat 7 Potassium 9 Phosphorus 1 WaterUseEfficiency 13 3 MATERIALANDMETHODS 15 GlasshouseStudies 15 PhaseI2000 15 PhaseII2001 20 PhaseIII2002 21 AmendmentRateStudy2002 23 FieldStudies 24 FieldStudyI2001-2002 24 FieldStudyII2002 28 4 RESULTSANDDISCUSSION 38 GlasshouseStudyPhaseI2000 38 GlasshouseStudyPhaseII2001 61 GlasshouseStudyPhaseIII2002 74 in AmendmentRateStudy2002 93 FieldStudyI2001-2002 99 FieldStudyII2002 138 5 CONCLUSIONS 176 APPENDIX A GlasshouseandFieldStudyDataTables 180 B GlasshouseandFieldStudyXRDGraphs 193 C FieldStudyIIFigures 197 REFERENCES 201 BIOGRAPHICALSKETCH 208 IV LISTOFTABLES Table Page 3-1. ParticlesizedistributionofsandtypesusedinPhaseI-III,2000-2002 31 3-2. Nitrogen,phosphorus,andpotassiumappliedduringphaseI2000 32 3-3. Totalquantityofwaterappliedtolysimetersduringwateruseefficiencytrials inphaseI2000 -32 3-4. Nitrogen,phosphorus,andpotassiumappliedduringmaintenanceperiod 2000-2001followingphaseI2000 33 3-5. Nitrogen,phosphorus,andpotassiumappliedduringphaseII2001 34 3-6. Nitrogen,phosphorus,andpotassiumappliedduringmaintenanceperiod followingphaseII2001 35 3-7. Nitrogen,phosphorus,andpotassiumappliedduringphaseIII2002 36 3-8. Nitrogen,phosphorus,andpotassiumappliedduringartificially-coatedsand ratestudy .37 4-1. Effectofcoatingandpeatonsaturatedhydraulicconductivity 52 4-2. Effectofcoatingandpeatonroot-zonemixwaterretention 53 4-3. Soilchemicalpropertiesofmaterialsusedinglasshousestudy 55 4-4. OxalateextractableP,Al,andFeofsandsusedinPhasesI-III 55 4-5. Influenceofpeatandcoatingmaineffectsonvisualratingofcoverageasa functionoftimeafterplantingphaseI2000 55 4-6. Influenceofpeatandcoatingmaineffectsonclippingyieldofbermudagrass asafunctionoftimeafterplantingphaseI2000 56 v 4-7. InfluenceofpeatandcoatingmaineffectsonKleachedasafunctionoftime afterplanting,forKfertilization0,30,57daysafterplantingphaseI2000 57 4-8. InteractionofpeatandcoatingmaineffectsonKleachedasafunctionoftime afterplantingforfertilizationapplied0,30,and57daysafterplantingphaseI 2000 57 4-9. InfluenceofpeatandcoatingmaineffectsonKuptakebybermudagrassasa functionoftimeafterplantingphaseI2000 58 4-10. InfluenceofpeatandcoatingmaineffectsonPleachedasafunctionoftime afterplantingforfertilizationapplied0,30,57daysafterplantingphaseI 2000 59 4-11. InteractionofpeatandcoatingmaineffectsonPleachedasafunctionoftime afterplantingforfertilizationapplied0,30,and57daysafterplantingphaseI 2000 59 4-12. InfluenceofpeatandcoatingmaineffectsonPuptakebybermudagrassasa -functionoftimeafterplantingphaseI2000 60 4-13. InfluenceofpeatandcoatingmaineffectsonwateruseefficiencyphaseI 2000 . 60 4-14. Influenceofpeatandcoatingmaineffectsonclippingproductionof bermudagrassasafunctionoftimeafterplantingphaseII2001 68 4-15. InfluenceofpeatandcoatingmaineffectsonKleachedasafunctionoftime afterplanting,forKfertilization343and371daysafterplanting,phaseII 2001 69 4-16. AnanalysisofthepeatandcoatinginteractiononKleachedasafunctionof timeafterplanting,forKfertilization343and371daysafterplanting2001 69 4-17. InfluenceofpeatandcoatingmaineffectsonKuptakebybermudagrassasa functionoftimeafterplantingphaseII2001 70 4-18. InfluenceofpeatandcoatingmaineffectsonPleachedasafunctionoftime afterplantingforfertilizationapplied343and371daysafterplantingphaseII 2001 71 VI 4-19. AnanalysisofthepeatandcoatinginteractiononPleachedasafunctionof timeafterplantingforfertilizationapplied343and371daysafterplanting, phaseII2001 71 4-20. InfluenceofpeatandcoatingmaineffectsonPuptakebybermudagrassasa functionoftimeafterplantingphaseII2001 72 4-21. Influenceofpeatandcoatingmaineffectsonthenumberofdaysuntilwilt phaseII2001 73 4-22. Influenceofcoatingandpeaton wateruseefficiencyphaseII2001 73 4-23. IbnefrlmuuednacgeroafsspeaastaanfdunccotaitoinnogfmtaiimneeafffteecrtpsloanntcilnigppphinagseprIoIIdu2c0t0i2onof 86 4-24. Ananalysisofthepeatandcoatinginteractiononclippingproductionof bermudagrassasafunctionoftimeafterplantingphaseIII2002 86 4-25. InfluenceofpeatandcoatingmaineffectsonKleachedasafunctionoftime afterplantingforfertilizationapplied682,715,and747daysafterplanting phaseIII2002 87 4-26. AnanalysisofthepeatandcoatinginteractiononKleachedasafunctionof timeafterplantingforfertilizationapplied682,715,and747daysafterplanting phaseIII2002 87 4-27. InfluenceofpeatandcoatingmaineffectsonKuptakebybermudagrassasa functionoftimeafterplantingphaseIII2002 88 4-28. InteractionofcoatingandpeatonKuptakebybermudagrassphaseIII2002.. 88 4-29. InfluenceofpeatandcoatingmaineffectsonPleachedasafunctionoftime afterplantingforfertilizationapplied682,715,and747daysafterplanting phaseIII2002 89 4-30. InfluenceofpeatandcoatingmaineffectsonPuptakebybermudagrassasa functionoftimeafterplantingphaseIII2002 90 4-31. InteractionofcoatingandpeatonPuptakebybermudagrassphaseIII2002 .. 90 4-32. Influenceofpeatandcoatingmaineffectsonthenumberofdaysuntilwilting andwateruseefficiency779daysafterplantingphaseIII2002 91 vn 4-33. Effectofcoatingandpeatoncationexchangecapacityatthecompletionof glasshousestudyphaseIII2002 91 4-34. SelectedpropertiesofmaterialsatthecompletionofPhaseIII 92 4-35. Interactionofcoatingandpeatonselectedchemicalpropertiesatthecompletion ofglasshousestudyphaseIII2002 92 4-36. Effectofpeatandartificially-coatedsandrateonvariousphysicalanalysesof themix 98 4-37. Saturatedhydraulicconductivity(K^,),volumetricwaterholdingcapacity(0v), andbulkdensity(q>BD)ofthefourroot-zonemediapriortoconstruction fieldstudyI 114 4-38. SelectedchemicalpropertiesofrootzonemediausedinfieldstudyIpriorto construction 114 4-39. OxalateextractableP,Al,andFeofmaterialsusedfieldstudies 114 4-40. InfluenceofrootzonemediaonTifdwarfcoverageasafunctionoftimeafter plantingfieldstudy12001-2002 ....' 115 4-41. Influenceofrootzonemediaonclippingproductionasafunctionoftimeafter plantingfieldstudyI 115 4-42. Influenceofrootzonemediaonpotassiumleachingasafunctionoftimeafter plantingestablishmentfieldstudyI2001-2002 116 4-43. Influenceofrootzonemediaonphosphorusleachingasafunctionoftimeafter plantingestablishmentfieldstudyI2001-2002 117 4-44. Influenceofrootzonemediaontotalphosphorusandpotassiumleachedduring fieldstudyIestablishment 118 4-45. PotassiumandPleachedduringFieldStudyIestablishmentrelativetototalK andPaddedandsoil-testKandPpriortoFieldStudyIestablishment 119 4-46. InfluenceofrootzonemediaonbermudagrassKuptakeasafunctionoftime afterplantingfieldstudyI 120 4-47. InfluenceofrootzonemediaonbermudagrassPuptakeasafunctionoftime afterplantingfieldstudyI - 120 vin 4-48. PotassiumandPuptakeduringFieldStudyIestablishmentrelativetototalK andPaddedandsoil-testKandPpriortoFieldStudyIestablishment 121 4-49. Influenceofrootzonemediaonsoilmoisturecontentasafunctionoftimeafter plantingfieldstudyI 122 4-50. Selectedpropertiesofrootzonemediauponcompletionofestablishmentfield studyI 122 4-51. InfluenceofrootzonemediaonclippingproductionduringtheFieldStudyI maintenanceperiod 134 4-52. Influenceofrootzonemediaonpotassiumleachingasafunctionoftimeafter plantingmaintenancefieldstudyI2001-2002 134 4-53. Influenceofrootzonemediaonphosphorusleachingasafunctionoftimeafter plantingmaintenancefieldstudyI2001-2002 134 4-54. PotassiumandPleachedduringFieldStudyImaintenancerelativetototal KandPaddedandsoil-testKandPpriortoFieldStudyImaintenance 135 4-55. InfluenceofrootzonemediaonbermudagrassKuptakeasafunctionoftime afterplantingfieldstudyImaintenance 136 4-56. InfluenceofrootzonemediaonbermudagrassPuptakeasafunctionoftime afterplantingfieldstudyImaintenance 136 4-57. Influenceofrootzonemediaonvolumetricsoilmoisturecontentonvarious datesafterplanting,fieldstudyI 136 4-58. Selectedchemicalpropertiesofrootzonemediauponcompletionof maintenancefieldstudyI 137 4-59. Physicalpropertiesofroot-zonemediauponterminationoffieldstudyI 137 4-60. Physicalpropertiesofroot-zonemediapriortoconstructionfieldstudyII....151 4-61. SelectedchemicalpropertiesofrootzonemediausedinfieldstudyIIpriorto construction 151 4-62. Influenceofrootzonemediaon'Tifdwarfcoverageasafunctionoftime afterplantingfieldstudyII2002 151 IX 4-63. Influenceofrootzonemediaonclippingproductionasafunctionoftimeafter plantingfieldstudyII2002 152 4-64. Influenceofrootzonemediaonpotassiumleachingasafunctionoftimeafter plantingfieldstudyII2002 153 4-65. Influenceofrootzonemediaonphosphorusleachingasafunctionoftimeafter plantingfieldstudyII2002 153 4-66. PotassiumandPleachedduringFieldStudyIIestablishmentrelativetototal KandPaddedandsoil-testKandPpriortoFieldStudyIIestablishment 154 4-67. Influenceofrootzonemediaonpotassiumuptakeasafunctionoftimeafter plantingfieldstudyII2002 155 4-68. Influenceofrootzonemediaonphosphorusuptakeasafunctionoftimeafter plantingfieldstudyII2002 155 4-69. PotassiumandPuptakeduringFieldStudyIIestablishmentrelativetototal KandPaddedandsoil-testKandPpriortoFieldStudyIIestablishment 156 4-70. Influenceofrootzonemediaonsoilmoisturecontentasafunctionoftimeafter plantingfieldstudyII 157 4-71. Selectedchemicalpropertiesofrootzonemediauponcompletionoffield studyIIestablishment2002 157 4-72. Influenceofrootzonemediaonclippingproductionasafunctionoftimeafter plantingfieldstudyII2002maintenance --168 4-73. Influenceofrootzonemediaonpotassiumleachingasafunctionoftimeafter plantingfieldstudyII2002maintenance 169 4-74. Influenceofrootzonemediaonphosphorusleachingasafunctionoftimeafter plantingfieldstudyII2002maintenance 169 4-75. PotassiumandPleachedduringFieldStudyIImaintenancerelativetototal KandPaddedandsoil-testKandPpriortoFieldStudyIImaintenance 170 4-76. InfluenceofrootzonemediaonKuptakeasafunctionoftimeafterplanting fieldstudyII2002maintenance 171
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