Table Of Content

State Fauna Series 9 FAUNA OF SIKKIM PART-5 Edited by The Director Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata Zoological Survey of India Kolkata CITATION Editor-Director. 2003. Fauna of Sikkiln State Fauna Series 9 (Part 5) : 1-144 (Published-Director. Zool. Surv., India, Kolkata) Publ ished : June, 2003 ISBN- 81-817I-007-X Project Co-ordinator Dr. J. R. B. Alfred (Director, Zoological Survey of India) © Government of India, 2003 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED • No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical. photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. • This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade. be lent, re-sold hired out or otherwise disposed of without the publisher's consent, in any form of binding or cover other than that In which it IS published. • The correct price of this publication is the price printed on this page. Any revised price Indicated by a rubber stamp or by a sticker or by any other means is incorrect and should be unacceptable. PRICE Indian Rs. 350.00 Foreign $ 25 ; £ 20 Published at the Publication Division by the Director, Zoological Survey of India, 234/4, AJe Bose Road, 2nd MSO Building (13th Floor), Nizaln Palace, Kolkata-700020 and printed at Po\ver Printers. New Delhi-II 0 002. State Fauna of Series FAUNA OF SIKKIM PART-5 2003 Pages 1-144 1. PROTOZOA ............................................................................................................................. 1-43 A. K. Das, D. N. Tiwari and N. C. Sarkar 2. NEMATODES ....................................................................................................................... 45-70 y. Chaturvedi 3. ACANTHACEPHALA ........................................................................................................... 71-78 S. B. Bhattacharya 4. HIRUDINEA: LEECHES ................................................................................................... 79-83 G. C. Ghosh 5. FRESHWATER OLIGOCHAETA ........................................................................................ 85-90 S. K. Mukhopadhyay 6. OLIGOCHAETA: EARTHWORM .................................................................................... 91-116 K. R. Halder 7. CRUSTACEA: DECAPODA : PALAEMONIDAE AND POTAMONIDAE ................ 117-119 T. Roy, S. K. Ghosh and S. S. Ghatak 8. FRESHWATER BRyOZOA .............................................................................................. 121-127 T. K. Samanta 9. MOLLUSCA ...................................................................................................................... 129-144 A. Dey, S. Barua and S. C. Mitra Zool. Surv. India State Fauna Series 9 : Fauna of Sikkim, Part 5, 1-43, 2003 PROTOZOA A. K. DAS, D. N. TIWARI and N. C. SARKAR ZooLogicaL Survey of India, 'M' BLock, New Alipore, Kolkata 700 053 INTRODUCTION which was reported by Penard (1907) from the "Sikkim Himalaya" was not collected during the Perusal of available literature reveals that there recent survey. A complete systematic list of all is no published report on the taxonomy of any the species of protozoa known so far from Sikkim protozoan species from Sikkim excepting one by is presented in the paper. Key to the families, Penard (1907) who recorded 16 species of genera and species is included in the paper for freeliving protozoa, all belonging to testate facilitating identification of protozoan species amoebae from the 'Sikkim Himalaya' In this occurring in the state. context and as a part of annual programme of work, the present authors undertook faunistic It is worth mentioning here that 18 species survey during 1992, brought large number of of freeliving protozoa and the all the species samples from diversified habitats of Sikkim and of parasitic and symbiotic protozoa are reported collected 54 species of freeliving protozoa from for the first time from the state and 8 species those samples. In addition to these, 23 species of of freeIiving protozoa constitute new records for symbiotic protozoa were recovered from the guts India. of two species of wood-eating termites, viz., Coptotermes travians and Reticulitermes MATERIAL AND METHODS assamensis, both belonging to the family Freeliving protozoa were collected from Rhinotermitidae. Unfortunately no parasitic freshwater ponds and streams as well as from protozoa was collected during this survey. mosses grown on soil, rocks and trees of different Subsequently, however, 15 slides containing blood habitats of Sikkim. Parasitic and symbiotic smears of some unidentified birds of Sikkim protozoa were recovered from different host were brought by the scientists of this survey and species as mentioned in the following systematic handed over to the present authors for study. list and toxonomic account. After detail examination of those slides two Freshwater samples were collected along with species of parasitic protozoa belonging to the little algal mass, water weeds, bottom ooze and genera Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon were flocculent matter arising out of washing of aquatic observed. But, these parasites could not be vegetation of the sampling localities. Samples identified up to species level since neither their were kept in wide mouthed glass jars. These jars avian host specimens nor generic or species were brought to the laboratory and kept for few identity of those birds were available to the days, with their lids open for considerable increase authors. in protozoa popUlation. The samples were then The present· communication deals with 80 thoroughly examined under the light microscope species of protozoa, out of which 79 species have from time to time. Freeliving ciliates were isolated been collected by the present authors. Only one by micropipette and examined in living condition species of freeliving protozoa, Nebela caudata by keeping them in natural medium. Sometinles 2 State Fauna Series 9: Fauna of Sikkim methocy 1s olution was used for slowing down the in living condition and considerably active for a movement of fast moving ciliates for the study of longer period. For preparing permanent slides, their internal structures in situ .under light these flagellates were fixed in Schaudiun' s microscope. Sometimes LugoI's solution was fixative, stained with Heidenhain's iron added as killing agent and for detecting perepheraI haematoxylin and mounted in DPX. For more organellae. Schaudinn's fluid and Carnoy's fluid details Das et aI, (1993', 1995) may be consulted. were used as fixatives of freeliving ciliates for making their permanent slides. The first one is SYSTEMATIC LIST effective for keeping the exact natural shape of A. Freeliving Protozoa the specimen while the second one is good for Phylum SARCOMASTIGOPHORA studying nuclear structure. Heidenhain' siron haematoxylin and Delafield's haematoxylin were Subphylum SARCODINA used for staining the ciliates. These slides were Class LOBOSEA mounted in DPX. Order ARCELLINIDA For preparing pennanent slides of testacid Family ARCELLIDAE rhizopods empty tests were isolated from bottom Genus Arcella Ehrenberg ooze. Testacids were also collected by squeezing 1. Arcella disco ides Ehrenberg different parts of aquatic vegetation including their roots and submerged portion of leaves. The 2. Arcella vulgaris Ehrenberg testacids are placed on micro-slides, air dried after two to three washing in absolute alcohol and Family CENTROPYXIDAE then mounted in DPX. Genus Bullinula Penard For collecting moss inhabiting protozoa moss 3. Bullinula indica (Penard) samples were brought to the laboratory. A portion Genus Centropyxis Stein of each sample was kept in petri dishes and sprinkled regularly with sufficient distilled 4. Centropyxis aculeata (Ehrenberg) water. After a day or two aquous drops drawn 5. Centropyxis aerophila Deflandre from the moss by micropipette were kept on 6. Centropyxis arcelloides Penard microslides and examined thoroughly under the light microscope. Any testacid or ciliated protozoa 7. Centropyxis constricta (Ehrenberg) observed in those drops was fixed, stained and 8. Centropyxis ecornis (Ehrenberg) mounted in the same manner as stated earlier for 9. Centropyxis laevigata Penard freshwater protozoa. 10. Centropyxis minuta Deflandre In order to collect parasitic protozoa blood smears which were drawn in the fiekJ from bird 11. Centropyxis platystoma (Penard) specimens on clean and greeze-free slides and air 12. Centropyxis spinosa (Cash and Hopkinson) dried are fixed andlor stained mostly wjth Giemsa Genus Trigonopyxis Penard and Leishman's stains. ] 3. Trigonopyxis arcula (Leidy) For the collection of flage_llate symbiotes of termites, the entire gut of the worker caste was Family DIFFLUGIIDAE removed and gut contents were emptied on clear Genus Difflugia Leclerc slides containing a drop of 0.5 per cent saline. 14. Difflugia oblonga Ehrenberg Sometimes 67 per cent Lock's solution was used in which these protozoans remain less deformed 15. Difflugia pyriformis Perty DAS, TIWARI AND SARKAR : Protozoa 3 Genus Phryganella Penard Phylum CILIOPHORA 16. Phryganella hentispherica Penard Class KlNEIDFRAGMINOPHOREA Subc1ass GYMNOSTOMATIA Family NEBELIDAE Order PROSTQMATIDA Genus Awerintzewia Schouteden Family COLEPIDAE 17. Awerintzewia cyclostolna Penard Genus* Coleps Nitzch Genus Heliopera Leidy 37. Coleps hirtus (Muller) 18. Heliopera petricola Leidy Family SPATHIDIDAE 19. Heliopera rosea Penard Genus Spatllidium Dujardin 20. Heliopera sphagni Leidy 38. Spathidiunl 111uscicola Kahl (= Heliopera pictq Leidy) Family TRACHELLIDAE Genus Nebela Leidy Genus Dileptus Dujardin 21. Nebela caudata Leidy 39. Dileptus tenuis Penard 22. Nebela collaris (Ehrenberg) Order PLEUROSTOMATIDA 23. Nebela lageniforntis Penard Family AMPHILEPTIDAE Class FILOSEA Genus Helniophrys Wrzesniowsky Order GROMIIDA 40. Hemiophrys muscicola Kahl Family EUGL YPHIDAE Genus Assulina Ehrenberg Genus Loxophyllum Dujardin 24. Assulina Inuscorum Greef 41. Loxopyllum nilneccellse (Stein) 25. Assulina semilunuln (Ehrenberg) Subclass VESTIBULIFERA Genus Corythion Taranek Order COLPODIA 26. Corythion dubium Taranek Family COLPODIDAE 27. Gorythion pulchellunt Penard Genus Colpoda O.F. Muller Genus Euglypha Dujardin 42. Colpoda cucullulus Muller 28. Euglypha ciliata (Ehrenberg) Subclass HYPOSTOMATIA 29. Euglypha denticulata Brown Order NA.SSULIDA Family MICROTHORACIDAE 30. Euglypha rotunda Wailes Genus Drepanomonas Fresenius 31. Euglypha strigosa var. ntuscorum Wailes 43. Drepanomonas dentata Fressenius 32. Euglypha tuberculata Dujardin Genus Microthorax Engelmann Genus Tracheleuglypha Deflandre 33. Tracheleuglypha dentata (Vejdowsky) 44. Microthorax pusillus Engelmann Genus Trillema Dujardin Order CYRTOPHORIDA 34. Trinel1ta contplanatUln Penard Family CHILODONELLIDAE 35. Trinenul enchelys (Ehrenberg) Genus Chilodonella Strand 36. Trinel1la lineare Penard 45. Chilodonella cucullulus (Muller) State Fauna Series 9: Fauna of Sikkim 4 B. Parasitic Protozoa Class OLIGOHYMENOPHOREA Order HYMENOSTOMAT IDA Phylum APICOMPLEXA Family PARAMECIIDAE Class SPOROZOEA Genus Paralnecium Hill Order EUCOCCIDA Family HAEMOPROTEIDAE 46. Paral11ecium bursaria (Ehrenberg) Genus Haemoproteus Kruse Family FRONTONIIDAE 56. Hael110proteus Sp. Genus Frontonia Ehrenberg Family LEUCOCYTOZOIDAE 47. Frolltollia depressa (Stokes) Genus Leucocytozoon Sambon Order SCUTICOCILIATIDA 57. Leucocytozoon Sp. Family COHNILEMBIDAE Genus Cohmilembus Kahl C. Symbiotic Protozoa 48. CohniLel11bus fusiformis Kahl Phylum SARCOMASTIGOPHORA Subphylum MASTIGOPHORA Class POL YHYMENOPHOREA Order HETEROTRICHIDA Class ZOOMASTIGOPHOREA Family METOPIDAE Order OXYMONADIDA Genus Metopus Claparede and Lachmann Family PYRSONYMPHIDAE Genus Dillellympha Leidy 49. Metopus es Muller Order OLIGOTRICHIDA 58. D. axilis Koidzumi Reticulitermes assalnensis Family HALTERIIDAE Genus Halteria Dujardin 59. D. leidyi Ko~dzumi R. assanlensis 60. D. Ilobi/is Koidzumi R. assamellsis 50. Halteria grandineLla (Muller) 61. D. parva Koidzumi R. assamensis Family STROBILIDIIDAE Genus Strobilidium Schewiakoff 62. D. rugosa Koidzumi R. assamensis 51. Strobilidhun gyralls (Stokes) Genus PyrsonYlnpha Leidy Order HYPOTRICHIDA 63. P. grandis Koidzumi R. assalnensis Family UROSTYLIDAE 64. P. Inodesta Koidzumi R. assa111ensis Genus Urostyla Ehrenberg Order HYPERMASTIGIDA 52. UrostyLa caudata Stokes Family HOLOMASTIGOTIDAE Genus Holomastigotoides Grassi and Foa Family HOLOSTICHIDAE Genus Uroleptus Ehrenberg 65. H. bengalensis Chakraborty Coptotermes &B~~~ ~~m 53. Uroleptus longicaudatus Stok~s 66. H. call1panula (de Mello) C. travians Family OXYTRICHIDAE 67. H. 171agnus Uttangi C. travians Genus Oxytricha Bory 68. H. ogivalis de Mello C. travians 54. Oxytricha sphagni (Stokes) 69. H. rayi Karandikar & Vittal C. travians Family EUPLOTIDAE 70. H. reniformis de Mello C. travians Genus Eupiotes Ehrenberg 55. Euplotes nluscicola Kahl 71. H. sphaeroidales de Mello C. travians DAS, TIWA RI AND SARKAR : Protozoa 5 Family PIROTRICHONYMPHIADE 4(3) Test with foreign particles and without plates or scales as above ..................................... 5 Genus Holomastigotes Grassi 5(6) Symmetry of test dorsoventral, oral aperture 72. H. indica Das, Tiwari R. assalnensis at one side of test (eccentric) or ventral ... MandaI & Sarkar ....................... Family CENTROPYXIDAE Genus Spirotrichonympha Grassai & Foa 6(5) Test possessing axial symmetry, oral aperture 73. S. froilanoi Karandikar C. travians at extremity of the test (terminal) ................ . & Vittal ............................. Family DIFFLUGIIDAE 74. S. porteri (Koidzumi) R. assanlensis Genus Arcella Ehrenberg Family EUCOMONYMPHIDAE 1832. Arcella Ehrenberg. Abh. Preuss. Acad. Wiss .. Berlin. Genus Pseudotrichonympha Grassi & Foa p.40. 75. P. cardifonnis Karandikar C. travians Diagnosis : Test membranous, rigid with & Vittal hexagonnal markings, brown or yellow in colour. 76. P. indica Chakraborty C. travians hemispherical, encrusted with chitinous particles~ aperture central, circular and inverted like a funnel. & Banerjee Key to the species 77. P. subapicalis Karandikar C. travians & Vittal 1( 2) Test spherical, height of the dome about one-fourth to one-third of its diameter ....... Family TERANYMPHIDAE .................................................. A. discoides Genus Teranympha Koidzumi 2( 1) Test hemispherical, evenly convex, height 78. T. mirabilis Koidzumi R. assamensis of the dome about half of its diameter ...... Family TRICHONYMPHIDAE .................................................... A. vu/g{lris Genus Trichonympha Leidy 1. Arcella disco ides Ehhrenberg 79. T. agilis Leidy R. assamensis 1843. Arcella disco ides Ehrenberg. Abh. Akad. Wiss .. 80. T. meghalayensis Das, R. assamensis Berilin, p. 139. MandaI, Tiwari & Sarkar Material exanlined : 3 exs., Rumtek, Gangtok, east district, 22. iv 1992, coIl. D.N. Tiwari. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT Diagnosis : Test smooth, flattened. A. Freeliving Protozoa planoconvex in lateral and circular in front view; height of dome about one-third to one-fourth of Phylum SARCOMASTIGOPHORA diameter of test; aperture large and circular. Class LOBOSEA Distribution : India : Sikkim (East district), Order ARCELLINIDA Meghalaya, Tripura and West Bengal; common Family ARCELLIDAE in freshwater ponds in bottom ooze. Key to the families Renlarks : This species is reported for the first time from Sikkim and collecte.d from wall moss. 1( 2) Test membranous and rigid, having a d,istinct oral apertune .......... Family ARCELLIDAE 2. Arcella vulgaris Ehrenberg 2(1) Test with minerals or organic particles and 1832. Arcella vulgaris Ehrenberg. Abh. Akad. Wiss .. Berlin. with a oral aperture ................................... 3 p.40. 3(4) Test with plates or scales, secreted by Material exanzined : 2 exs.. Tadong. Ea~t cytoplasm, sometimes with foreign particles district, 18.v.1992, colI. D. N. Tiwari. .................................. Family NEBELIDAE State Fauna Series 9: Fauna ofSikkim 6 Diagnosis: Test hemispherical, evenly convex, coli. D. N. Tiwari; 3 exs., Tadong, East district; height of the dome about half of its diameter; 18. v. 1992, coIl. D. N. Tiwari. surface with very large 'areoles'; mouth circular Diagnosis : Test ellipsoidal, dark brown., central and often without buccal tube. composed of small sil icious grains and plates Distribution : India : Sikkim (East district) cemented on a brown chitinous pellicle; aperture and West Bengal in freshwater amongst bottom long, arcuate, narrow, with inner lip prolonged ooze and submerged vegetation, also in moss. and incurved and outer lip usually with a row of pores. Renlarks : This species is reported for the first time from Sikkim. Distribution: India: Sikkim (East district); in moss. Family CENTROPYXIDAE Rel1wrks : Penard (] 907) described the genus Key to the genera Bulinella from the moss habitat of the Sikkim Himalaya with the type species, B. Indica. I (2) Aperture triangular, test hemisphericaL ...... Subsequently the name BulineLla was altered to ..................................... Genus Trigonopyxis Bullinula by Penard (1911) since this name was 2(1) Apeture not triangular ............................... 3 preoccupied by Mollusca. The present species has been reported from India after a long gap, 3(4) Inferior lip of aperture extending to superior that too from Sikkim. lip, test composed of small siliceous plates or grains, closely cemented upon a chitinous Genus Centropyxis Stein pellicle ................................ Genus Bullinula J 859. Centrop),xis Stein. Abh. K. Bohm. Gesellsch. Wiss., 4(3) Inferior lip of aperture not extending to 10. p. 43. superior lip, test with encrusted foreign 1929. Centropyxis : Deflandre. Arch. protistenk., 67~ particles ......................... Genus Centropyxis p.322. Genus Bullillula (Penard) Diagnosis : Test dorso-ventrally flattened, spheroidal at posterior portion and tapering 1907. BulineLla Penard. J. roy. micro Soc., p. 274 (preoccupied in MoJ1usca. ] 891). towards apertural region~ oral aperture eccentric or ventral, typical1y invaginated without a raised rim. 1911. Bullillula penard in Brit. Antarctic. Exped. 1. Bioi., 6, p. 226. Key to species 1953. Bullillularia (Penard) Deflandre, Traite de Zoology, I (2) Test dorso-ventral in symmetry and swollen 1 (2). P. 97. at posterior part, oral aperture eccentric .. 3 Diagnosis : Test smooth, ellipsoidal, flattened 2(1) Test regularly arched., oral aperture centrally on one face, formed of silicious plates; long, located, test hemispherical, brown, chitinous, narrow peristome on flattened surface with a covered with small scale like structure ...... smooth inferior lip and overhanging superior lip; ............................................... C. arcelloides pseudopodia digitate or spatulate, simple or branched. 3(4) Test beset with spine ................................. 5 3. Bullinula indica (Penard) 4(3) Test without spine ..................................... 7 1907. Bulinella indica Penard, J. roy. micr, Soc., p. 274. 5(6) Test furnished with a few (usually 4-6) divergent spines in a single and somewhat 1911. Bulinella indica Penard. Brit. Antarct. Exped 1, Bio!., 6. p. 225. regular row, usually resembling scrapl ........ . .................................................. C. aculeata ] 953. Bullinularia indica (Penard) Deflandre. Traile de Zoology. 1 (2), P. 97. 6 (5)Test provided with variable number of spine Material exal11ined : 2 exs., Rumtek, Gangtok., (usually 6-8), spines frequently curved and East district, 22. iv. 1992, colI. D. N. Tiwari; distributed irregularly on dorsal side ......... . 2 exs., Tsangu lake, East district, 29. iv. 1992, ..................................................... C. spinosa