Invertebrate Immune Responses: Cells and Molecular Products

223 Pages·1996·14.69 MB·English

by  E. L. Cooper (auth.), Professor Dr. Edwin L. Cooper (eds.)

Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology 23
Editor-in-Chief
R. Gilles, Liege
Editorial Board
P.J. Butler, Birmingham
R. Greger, Freiburg
Ch. P. Mangum, Williamsburg
G.N. Somero, Corvallis
K. Takahashi, Tokyo
R.E. Weber, Aarhus
Volumes already published
Vol. 10: Comparative Aspects of Mechanoreceptor Systems
Edited by F. Ito (1992)
Vol. 11: Mechanics of Animal Locomotion
Edited by R. MeN. Alexander (1992)
Vol. 12: Muscle Contraction and Cell Motility:
Molecular and Cellular Aspects
Edited by H. Sugi (1992)
Vol. 13: Blood and Tissue Oxygen Carriers
Edited by Ch.P. Mangum (1993)
Vol. 14: Interaction of Cell Volume and Cell Function
Edited by F. Lang and D. Hdussinger (1993)
Vol. 15: From the Contents: Salivary Gland Secretion
Nematocyst Discharge-
Adaptations in Decapodan Crustaceans -
Steroid-Sensitive Areas Mediating Reproductive
Behaviors (1993)
Vol. 16: Ion Transport in Vertebrate Colon
Edited by W. Clauss (1993)
Vol. 17: Effects of High Pressure on Biological Systems
Edited by A.G. Macdonald (1993)
VaLlS: Biomechanics of Feeding in Vertebrates
Edited by V.L. Bels, M. Chardon and P. Vandewalle (1994)
Vol. 19: Electrogenic CI- Transporters in Biological Membranes
Edited by G.A. Gerencser (1994)
Vol. 20: From the Contents: Motile Activities of Fish
Chromatophores - Epithelial Transport of Heavy Metals -
Heavy Metal Cytotoxicity in Marine Organisms -
Comparative Pulmonary Morphology and Morphometry
Molecular Adaptations in Resistance to Penicillins (1994)
Vol. 21: Mechanisms of Systemic Regulation:
Respiration and Circulation
Edited by N. Heisler (1995)
Vol. 22: Mechanisms of Systemic Regulation:
Acid-Base Regulation, Ion Transfer and Metabolism
Edited by N. Heisler (1995)
Vol. 23: Invertebrate Immune Responses
Cells and Molecular Products
Edited by E.L. Cooper (1996)
Vol. 24: Invertebrate Immune Responses
Cell Activities and the Environment
Edited by E.L. Cooper (1996)
Advances in
Comparative
and Environmental
Physiology 23
Invertebrate Immune Responses
Cells and Molecular Products
Guest Editor: E.L. Cooper
With Contributions by
M. Bilej . E.L. Cooper . K. Hashimoto • M.R. Kanost
Y. Kurosawa . R.L. Raison . P. Roch . T. Sawada
V.l. Smith . S. Tomonaga . L. Tuckova . L. Zhao
With 51 Figures
" Springer
Guest Editor:
Professor Dr. EDWIN L. COOPER
UCLA Medical Center (CHS)
Department of Neurobiology
10833 Le Conte Avenue
Los Angeles, CA 90095-1763
USA
lSSN 0938-2673
lSBN-13: 978-3-642-79695-1 e-lSBN-13: 978-3-642-79693-7
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-79693-7
This work"is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is
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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1996
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1996
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Foreword to the Series
The aim of the series is to provide comprehensive, integrated reviews
giving sound, critical and provocative summaries of our present know
ledge in environmental and comparative physiology, from the molecu
lar to the organismic level.
Living organisms have evolved a widespread range of basic solu
tions to cope with the different problems, both organismal and environ
mental, with which they are faced. A clear understanding of these
solutions is of course of fundamental interest for all biologists, zoo
logically or medically oriented. They can be best comprehended in the
framework of the environmental and/or comparative approaches.
These approaches demand either wide surveys of animal forms or a
knowledge of the specific adaptive features of the species considered.
This diversity of requirements, both at the conceptual and techno
logical level, together with the fact that physiology and biochemistry
have long been mainly devoted to the service of medicine, can account
for the fact that these approaches emerged only slowly amongst the
other new, more rapidly growing disciplines of the biological sciences.
The field has now gained the international status it deserves and the
organization of a series devoted to it appeared timely to me in view of its
actual rapid development and of the interest it arouses for a growing
number of biologists, physiologists, and biochemists, independently of
their basic, major orientation.
Raymond Gilles
List of Editors
Editor-in-Chief
R Gilles
Laboratory of Animal Physiology
University of Liege
22, Quai Van Beneden
4020 Liege, Belgium
Editorial Board
P.J. Butler G.N. Somero
School of Biological Sciences Scripps Institution
University of Birmingham of Oceanography
P.O. Box 363 University of California
Birmingham B15 2TT, England La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
R Greger K. Takahashi
Physiologisches Institut Zoological Institute
der Universitat Freiburg Faculty of Sciences
Lehrstuhl II University of Tokyo
Hermann-Herder-Strasse 7 Hongo, Tokyo 113, Japan
79104 Freiburg, Germany
RE. Weber
Ch.P. Mangum Zoophysiology Laboratory
Department of Biology University of Aarhus
The College of William & Mary Building 131
Williamsburg, VA 23 185, USA 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
Contents
Introduction
E.L. Cooper . 1
Cells: The Basic Immunodefense Armentarium
Chapter 1
The Immunocytes of Protostomes and Deuterostomes
as Revealed by LM, EM and Other Methods
T. Sawada and S. Tomonaga
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2 Immune Mechanism and Immunocytes . 10
3 Cells Participating in Immune Reactions 15
4 Phylogenie Lineages of Immunocytes 23
5 Various Approaches to Immunocytes 25
6 Problems and Possible Solutions ... 33
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Chapter 2
Mechanisms of Antigen Processing in Invertebrates:
Are There Receptors?
L. Tuckova and M. Bilej
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2 General Armamentarium of Earthworm Natural Resistance 45
3 Adaptive Response to Antigenic Stimulation 53
4 Coelomocyte Superficial Molecules 63
5 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . 67
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
x
Contents
Cell Products: Natural and Induced as Revealed by Non-specific
and Specific Responses Following Antigenic Challenge
Chapter 3
The Prophenoloxidase Activating System:
A Common Defence Pathway for Deuterostomes
and Protostomes?
V.J. Smith
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
2 The Prophenoloxidase Activating System in Arthropods . 77
3 Phenoloxidase Activity in Other Protostome Groups . . 90
4 Phenol oxidase Activity in Deuterostome Invertebrates . . 96
5 Discussion: the proPO System in Host Defence
and Immune Phylogeny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
7 Acknowledgements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., 107
Chapter 4
A Definition of Cytolytic Responses in Invertebrates
P. Roch
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
2 Invertebrate Lytic Activities . . . . . . . . ... 117
3 Cell-Target Susceptibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
4 Species-to-Species and Individual Variability. 122
5 The Hemolytic Reaction . . . . .. 123
6 Membrane Binding and Damage .. 127
7 Induction and Regulation ....... . 129
8 Hemolytic Molecules . . . . . . . . . . . 132
9 Hemolysin-Producing Cells and Granules . 134
10 Relationship with Cytotoxicity . . . . . . . . 139
11 Are Hemolysins Ancestor Immune Molecules? 142
12 Final Comment ................... . 144
References . 145
Chapter 5
The Immunoglobulin Superfamily:
Where Do Invertebrates Fit In?
Y. Kurosawa and K. Hashimoto
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
2 Molecular Architecture of the Ig Fold . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Contents XI
3 When Did Ig Appear in Evolution? . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 154
4 When Did the TCR and MHC Appear in Evolution? . . .. 157
5 The Origin of Peptide-Binding Domains
of MHC Molecules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 159
6 The Ig Superfamily in Invertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 164
7 The Ig Superfamily in Microorganisms. . . . . . . . . . . .. 168
8 The Immune System vs the Nervous System . . . . . . . . .. 169
9 Strategy for the Development of Self-Defense Systems
in the Animal Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 170
10 The Origin of Polymorphic Molecules: a Hypothesis . . . .. 173
11 The Ig Superfamily in Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 177
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 178
Chapter 6
Insect Hemolymph Proteins from the Ig Superfamily
M.R. Kanost and L. Zhao
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
2 Properties of Hemolin ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
3 Regulation of Hemolin Expression ............... . 186
4 Sequence Analysis of Hemolin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
5 Possible Functions of Hemolin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
References . . 196
Chapter 7
The Interface Between Invertebrates and Vertebrates:
Complement vs Ig
R.L. Raison
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 199
2 Humoral Immunity in the Agnatha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 201
3 Structural Characterization of the Hagfish "Antibody" . . .. 202
4 Functional Properties of Hagfish Complement-Like Protein. 204
5 Complement in the Agnatha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 205
6 Chemotaxis in the Hagfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 206
7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 207
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 208
Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 211
Contents for Volume 24
Introduction
E.L. Cooper. 1
Interactions Between Cells and Integration and Cell Activities:
A Functional Immune System After Antigenic Challenge
Chapter 1
Comparative Biology of the oc -Macroglobulin-Based
2
Immune System
P.E. Armstrong and J.P. Quigley
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2 Biochemistry of oc -Macroglobulin .. . . . . . 11
2
3 Physiological Function of oc -Macroglobulin . . . 17
2
4 Evolutionary Considerations ......... 21
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Chapter 2
Evidence for Invertebrate Inflammatory Cytokines
G.S. Habicht and G. Beck
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2 Inflammatory Cytokines ............ . 30
3 Parallels Between Vertebrate and Invertebrate
Inflammatory Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4 The Search for Invertebrate Cytokines . . . . . 34
5 Biochemical Evidence for Invertebrate Cytokines 36
6 Functional Evidence for Invertebrate Cytokines . 37
7 Evidence for Cytokine Receptors in Invertebrates 40
8 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44