Inventing a European Nation: Engineers for Portugal, from Baroque to Fascism PDF
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Series ISSN: 2160-7664 D I O G O • S A R A I V A SAesrsiiessta Endt iEtodri:t or : GKaacreyy D Boewddnoeye,s ,V Oirrgeignoina STteachte University IN V E N T Inventing a European Nation IN G A Engineers for Portugal, from Baroque to Fascism E U R O P Maria Paula Diogo, NOVA School of Science and Technology E A Tiago Saraiva, Drexel University N N A T I This book deals with the simultaneous making of Portuguese engineers and the Portuguese O N nation-state from the mid seventeenth century to the late twentieth century. It argues that the : E N different meanings of being an engineer were directly dependent of projects of nation building G I N and that one cannot understand the history of engineering in Portugal without detailing such E E projects. Symmetrically, the authors suggest that the very same ability of collectively imagining R S F a nation relied on large measure on engineers and their practices. National culture was not only O R enacted through poetry, music, and history, but it demanded as well fortresses, railroads, steam P O engines, and dams. R T Portuguese engineers imagined their country in dialogue with Italian, British, French, U G A German or American realities, many times overlapping such references. The book exemplifies L , F how history of engineering makes more salient the transnational dimensions of national history. R O This is valid beyond the Portuguese case and draws attention to the potential of history of M B engineering for reshaping national histories and their local specificities into global narratives A R relevant for readers across different geographies. O Q U E T O About SYNTHESIS F A S C This volume is a printed version of a work that appears in the Synthesis I S M Digital Library of Engineering and Computer Science. Synthesis bdoevoeklso ppmroevnidt eto cpoicnsc,i speu,b olirsihgeinda ql upirceksleyn, tiant idoingsit aolf ainmdp porritnatn ft orremseaatsr.ch and M O R G A N & C L store.morganclaypool.com A Y P O O L Inventing a European Nation Engineers for Portugal, from Baroque to Fascism Synthesis Lectures on Global Engineering Editor GaryDowney,VirginiaTech AssistantEditor KaceyBeddoes,OregonStateUniversity TheGlobalEngineeringSerieschallengesstudents,facultyandadministrators,andworking engineerstocrossthebordersofcountries,anditfollowsthosewhodo.Engineersandengineering havegrownupwithincountries.Thevisionsengineershavehadofthemselves,theirknowledge, andtheirservicehavevarieddramaticallyovertimeandacrossterritorialspaces.Engineersnow followdiasporasofindustrialcorporations,NGOs,andothertransnationalemployersacrossthe planet.Towhatextentdoengineerscarrytheircountrieswiththem?Whatarekeysitesof encountersamongengineersandnon-engineersacrossthebordersofcountries?Whatisatstake whenengineersencounterotherswhounderstandtheirknowledge,objectives,work,andidentities differently?Whatisengineeringnowfor?Whatareengineersnowfor? TheSeriesinvitesshortmanuscriptsmakingvisibletheexperiencesofengineersandengineering studentsandfacultyacrossthebordersofcountries.Possibletopicsincludeengineersinandoutof countries,physicalmobilityandtravel,virtualmobilityandtravel,geo-spatialdistributionsofwork, internationaleducation,internationalworkenvironments,transnationalidentitiesandidentity issues,transnationalorganizations,researchcollaborations,globalnormativities,andencounters amongengineersandnon-engineersacrosscountryborders. TheSeriesjuxtaposescontributionsfromdistinctdisciplinary,analytical,andgeographical perspectivestoencouragereaderstolookbeyondfamiliarintellectualandgeographicalboundaries forinsightandguidance.Holdingparamountthegoalofhigh-qualityscholarship,itofferslearning resourcestoengineeringstudentsandfacultyandworkingengineerscrossingthebordersof countries.Itscommitmentistohelpthemimproveengineeringworkthroughcriticalself-analysis andlistening. InventingaEuropeanNation:EngineersforPortugal,fromBaroquetoFascism MariaPaulaDiogoandTiagoSaraiva 2020 EngineersforKorea KyongheeHanandGaryLeeDowney 2014 iii DesigningDevelopment:CaseStudyofanInternationalEducationandOutreach Program AdityaJohriandAkshaySharma 2013 MergingLanguagesandEngineering:PartneringAcrosstheDisciplines JohnM.Grandin 2013 WhatisGlobalEngineeringEducationFor?TheMakingofInternationalEducators,Part III GaryLeeDowneyandKaceyBeddoes 2010 WhatisGlobalEngineeringEducationFor?TheMakingofInternationalEducators,Part I&II GaryLeeDowneyandKaceyBeddoes 2010 Copyright©2021byMorgan&Claypool Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedin anyformorbyanymeans—electronic,mechanical,photocopy,recording,oranyotherexceptforbriefquotations inprintedreviews,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher. InventingaEuropeanNation:EngineersforPortugal,fromBaroquetoFascism MariaPaulaDiogoandTiagoSaraiva www.morganclaypool.com ISBN:9781627055154 paperback ISBN:9781627055161 ebook ISBN:9781681737874 hardcover DOI10.2200/S00990ED1V01Y202002GES006 APublicationintheMorgan&ClaypoolPublishersseries SYNTHESISLECTURESONGLOBALENGINEERING Lecture#6 SeriesEditor:GaryDowney,VirginiaTech SeriesAssistantEditor:KaceyBeddoes,OregonStateUniversity SeriesISSN Print2160-7664 Electronic2160-7672 Inventing a European Nation Engineers for Portugal, from Baroque to Fascism Maria Paula Diogo NOVASchoolofScienceandTechnology Tiago Saraiva DrexelUniversity SYNTHESISLECTURESONGLOBALENGINEERING#6 M &C Morgan &cLaypool publishers ABSTRACT This book deals with the simultaneous making of Portuguese engineers and the Portuguese nation-statefromthemidseventeenthcenturytothelatetwentiethcentury.Itarguesthatthe differentmeaningsofbeinganengineerweredirectlydependentofprojectsofnationbuilding and that one cannot understand the history of engineering in Portugal without detailing such projects.Symmetrically,theauthorssuggestthattheverysameabilityofcollectivelyimagining anationreliedonlargemeasureonengineersandtheirpractices.Nationalculturewasnotonly enactedthroughpoetry,music,andhistory,butitdemandedaswellfortresses,railroads,steam engines,anddams. Portuguese engineers imagined their country in dialogue with Italian, British, French, German or American realities, many times overlapping such references. The book exemplifies how history of engineering makes more salient the transnational dimensions of national his- tory. This is valid beyond the Portuguese case and draws attention to the potential of history ofengineeringforreshapingnationalhistoriesandtheirlocalspecificitiesintoglobalnarratives relevantforreadersacrossdifferentgeographies. KEYWORDS Portugal,engineeringandnationbuilding,militaryengineers,civilengineers,rail- ways,dams,colonialengineering vii Contents 1 Introduction .......................................................1 1.1 WhytoWriteandReadaBookonPortugueseEngineers?................ 1 1.2 MethodologicalQuestions.......................................... 2 1.3 TheStructureoftheBook .......................................... 5 2 MakingEngineersPortuguese ........................................9 2.1 TheArtilleryandGeometryClass(1641)andtheRestorationofNational Independence .................................................... 9 2.2 ManueldeAzevedoFortesandthePortugueseEngineer ................ 14 2.3 EngineerandCourtier ............................................ 21 2.4 EngineersandtheLisbonEarthquake(1755) ......................... 26 3 EngineeringtheLiberalState ........................................33 3.1 TheMakingoftheLiberalEngineer:TheArmySchoolandtheLisbon PolytechnicSchool ............................................... 34 3.2 MakingCivilEngineersinPortugalandAbroad ....................... 40 3.3 PortugalRegeneratedortheSaintSimonianEngineersinPower .......... 43 3.4 ConqueringaNewProfessionalTerritory–TheAssociaçãodos EngenheirosCivisPortugueses(AssociationofPortugueseCivilEngineers) . 48 4 Engineers,IndustrialWorkers,andtheBourgeoisCity ...................57 4.1 Saint-SimoninPortugalandtheFoundingoftheLisbonIndustrial Institute........................................................ 57 4.2 Worker’sEmancipationThroughTechnicalEducation .................. 62 4.3 TheIndustrialInstituteandCityReform ............................. 64 4.4 Opera,Precision,andtheIndustrialInstitute .......................... 68 5 TheColonialFaceofPortugueseEngineering...........................75 5.1 EngineeringaEuropeanCountryThroughPublicWorksinAfrica ........ 77 5.2 NationalPrestigeandProfessionalStrategies .......................... 81 viii 6 TheModernistEngineer ............................................91 6.1 TransportationandFixation,ortheEngineer’sNewIdentity ............. 91 6.2 RepublicanEducationandtheTechnicalInstitute:TechnikComesto Portugal........................................................ 97 6.3 IndustryandtheTechnicalInstituteEngineers ....................... 101 6.4 TheDictatorshipandtheRationalManagementoftheCountry’sResources 107 7 EngineeringtheFascistNewState ...................................113 7.1 RegainingPower:The“SocialRole”ofPortugueseEngineersinthe Dictatorship ................................................... 114 7.2 IrrigatingthePortugueseGarden .................................. 120 7.3 ArchDamsandAmericanModeledResearchEngineers ............... 128 8 Conclusion ......................................................139 8.1 RevolutionaryYearsBetweenTechnocracyandDemocracy.............. 139 8.2 NewDisciplinesandInstitutions................................... 142 8.3 SummarizingtheArgument ...................................... 146 Authors’Biographies ..............................................151
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