Introductory Statistics

2021·11.68 MB·English

by  Prem S. Mann

Cover Page: iii
Title Page Page: iii
Copyright Page: iv
Dedication Page: v
About the Author Page: vi
Preface Page: vii
Acknowledgments Page: x
CHAPTER 1: Introduction Page: 1
1.1 Statistics and Types of Statistics Page: 1
1.2 Basic Terms Page: 5
1.3 Types of Variables Page: 7
1.4 Cross-Section Versus Time-Series Data Page: 10
1.5 Population Versus Sample Page: 11
1.6 Design of Experiments Page: 20
1.7 Summation Notation Page: 24
Uses and Misuses of Statistics Page: 27
Glossary Page: 27
Exercises Page: 28
Supplementary Exercises Page: 28
Advanced Exercises Page: 29
Self-Review Test Page: 30
Mini-Projects Page: 31
Decide for Yourself Page: 32
Chapter 1 Technology Instructions Page: 32
TI-84 Color/TI-84 Page: 32
Minitab Page: 34
Excel Page: 35
Technology Assignments Page: 37
CHAPTER 2: Organizing and Graphing Data Page: 39
2.1 Organizing and Graphing Qualitative Data Page: 40
2.2 Organizing and Graphing Quantitative Data Page: 47
2.3 Stem-and-Leaf Displays Page: 64
2.4 Dotplots Page: 69
Uses and Misuses of Statistics Page: 70
Glossary Page: 71
Exercises Page: 72
Supplementary Exercises Page: 72
Advanced Exercises Page: 73
Self-Review Test Page: 74
Mini-Projects Page: 75
Decide for Yourself Page: 76
Chapter 2 Technology Instructions Page: 77
TI-84 Color/TI-84 Page: 77
Minitab Page: 78
Excel Page: 80
Technology Assignments Page: 81
CHAPTER 3: Numerical Descriptive Measures Page: 83
3.1 Measures of Center for Ungrouped Data Page: 84
3.2 Measures of Dispersion for Ungrouped Data Page: 97
3.3 Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation for Grouped Data Page: 105
3.4 Use of Standard Deviation Page: 111
3.5 Measures of Position Page: 116
3.6 Box-and-Whisker Plot Page: 121
Uses and Misuses of Statistics Page: 124
Glossary Page: 126
Exercises Page: 126
Supplementary Exercises Page: 126
Advanced Exercises Page: 127
Appendix 3.1 Page: 129
Self-Review Test Page: 132
Mini-Projects Page: 133
Decide for Yourself Page: 134
Chapter 3 Technology Instructions Page: 135
TI-84 Color/TI-84 Page: 135
Minitab Page: 137
Excel Page: 137
Technology Assignments Page: 138
CHAPTER 4: Probability Page: 141
4.1 Experiment, Outcome, and Sample Space Page: 142
4.2 Calculating Probability Page: 147
4.3 Marginal Probability, Conditional Probability, and Related Probability Concepts Page: 154
4.4 Intersection of Events and the Multiplication Rule Page: 165
4.5 Union of Events and the Addition Rule Page: 171
4.6 Counting Rule, Factorials, Combinations, and Permutations Page: 178
Uses and Misuses of Statistics Page: 186
Glossary Page: 187
Exercises Page: 187
Supplementary Exercises Page: 187
Advanced Exercises Page: 188
Self-Review Test Page: 190
Mini-Projects Page: 191
Decide for Yourself Page: 192
Chapter 4 Technology Instructions Page: 192
TI-84 Color/TI-84 Page: 192
Minitab Page: 193
Excel Page: 194
Technology Assignments Page: 195
CHAPTER 5: Discrete Random Variables and Their Probability Distributions Page: 197
5.1 Random Variables Page: 198
5.2 Probability Distribution of a Discrete Random Variable Page: 200
5.3 Mean and Standard Deviation of a Discrete Random Variable Page: 206
5.4 The Binomial Probability Distribution Page: 213
5.5 The Hypergeometric Probability Distribution Page: 224
5.6 The Poisson Probability Distribution Page: 227
Uses and Misuses of Statistics Page: 234
Glossary Page: 235
Exercises Page: 235
Supplementary Exercises Page: 235
Advanced Exercises Page: 236
Self-Review Test Page: 237
Mini-Projects Page: 238
Decide for Yourself Page: 239
Chapter 5 Technology Instructions Page: 239
TI-84 Color/TI-84 Page: 239
Minitab Page: 241
Excel Page: 242
Technology Assignments Page: 243
CHAPTER 6: Continuous Random Variables and the Normal Distribution Page: 246
6.1 Continuous Probability Distribution and the Normal Probability Distribution Page: 247
6.2 Standardizing a Normal Distribution Page: 261
6.3 Applications of the Normal Distribution Page: 268
6.4 Determining the z and x Values When an Area Under the Normal Distribution Curve Is Known Page: 273
6.5 The Normal Approximation to the Binomial Distribution Page: 278
Uses and Misuses of Statistics Page: 284
Glossary Page: 285
Exercises Page: 285
Supplementary Exercises Page: 285
Advanced Exercises Page: 286
Appendix 6.1 Page: 287
Self-Review Test Page: 290
Mini-Projects Page: 291
Decide for Yourself Page: 292
Chapter 6 Technology Instructions Page: 292
TI-84 Color/TI-84 Page: 292
Minitab Page: 293
Excel Page: 295
Technology Assignments Page: 297
CHAPTER 7: Sampling Distributions Page: 299
7.1 Sampling Distribution, Sampling Error, and Nonsampling Errors Page: 300
7.2 Mean and Standard Deviation of x¯ Page: 305
7.3 Shape of the Sampling Distribution of x¯ Page: 308
7.4 Applications of the Sampling Distribution of x¯ Page: 314
7.5 Population and Sample Proportions; and the Mean, Standard Deviation, and Shape of the Sampling Distribution of p̂ Page: 319
7.6 Applications of the Sampling Distribution of p̂ Page: 326
Uses and Misuses of Statistics Page: 329
Glossary Page: 329
Exercises Page: 330
Supplementary Exercises Page: 330
Advanced Exercises Page: 330
Self-Review Test Page: 330
Mini-Projects Page: 332
Decide for Yourself Page: 332
Chapter 7 Technology Instructions Page: 333
TI-84 Color/TI-84 Page: 333
Minitab Page: 334
Excel Page: 335
Technology Assignments Page: 337
CHAPTER 8: Estimation of the Mean and Proportion Page: 338
8.1 Estimation, Point Estimate, and Interval Estimate Page: 338
8.2 Estimation of a Population Mean: σ Known Page: 342
8.3 Estimation of a Population Mean: σ Not Known Page: 351
8.4 Estimation of a Population Proportion: Large Samples Page: 359
Uses and Misuses of Statistics Page: 366
Glossary Page: 366
Exercises Page: 366
Supplementary Exercises Page: 366
Advanced Exercises Page: 367
Self-Review Test Page: 368
Mini-Projects Page: 369
Decide for Yourself Page: 370
Chapter 8 Technology Instructions Page: 371
TI-84 Color/TI-84 Page: 371
Minitab Page: 372
Excel Page: 374
Technology Assignments Page: 375
CHAPTER 9: Hypothesis Tests About the Mean and Proportion Page: 377
9.1 Hypothesis Tests: An Introduction Page: 378
9.2 Hypothesis Tests About μ: σ Known Page: 386
9.3 Hypothesis Tests About μ: σ Not Known Page: 400
9.4 Hypothesis Tests About a Population Proportion: Large Samples Page: 408
Uses and Misuses of Statistics Page: 416
Glossary Page: 417
Exercises Page: 418
Supplementary Exercises Page: 418
Advanced Exercises Page: 419
Self-Review Test Page: 420
Mini-Projects Page: 421
Decide for Yourself Page: 422
Chapter 9 Technology Instructions Page: 423
TI-84 Color/TI-84 Page: 423
Minitab Page: 424
Excel Page: 426
Technology Assignments Page: 428
CHAPTER 10: Estimation and Hypothesis Testing: Two Populations Page: 430
10.1 Inferences About the Difference Between Two Population Means for Independent Samples: σ1 and σ2 Known Page: 431
10.2 Inferences About the Difference Between Two Population Means for Independent Samples: σ1 and σ2 Unknown but Equal Page: 438
10.3 Inferences About the Difference Between Two Population Means for Independent Samples: σ1 and σ2 Unknown and Unequal Page: 446
10.4 Inferences About the Mean of Paired Samples (Dependent Samples) Page: 452
10.5 Inferences About the Difference Between Two Population Proportions for Large and Independent Samples Page: 461
Uses and Misuses of Statistics Page: 468
Glossary Page: 469
Exercises Page: 469
Supplementary Exercises Page: 469
Advanced Exercises Page: 470
Self-Review Test Page: 472
Mini-Projects Page: 472
Decide for Yourself Page: 473
Chapter 10 Technology Instructions Page: 474
TI-84 Color/TI-84 Page: 474
Minitab Page: 475
Excel Page: 478
Technology Assignments Page: 483
CHAPTER 11: Chi-Square Tests Page: 485
11.1 The Chi-Square Distribution Page: 486
11.2 A Goodness-of-Fit Test Page: 489
11.3 A Test of Independence or Homogeneity Page: 497
11.4 Inferences About the Population Variance Page: 507
Uses and Misuses of Statistics Page: 513
Glossary Page: 514
Exercises Page: 514
Supplementary Exercises Page: 514
Advanced Exercises Page: 516
Self-Review Test Page: 516
Mini-Projects Page: 517
Decide for Yourself Page: 518
Chapter 11 Technology Instructions Page: 518
TI-84 Color/TI-84 Page: 518
Minitab Page: 519
Excel Page: 522
Technology Assignments Page: 523
CHAPTER 12: Analysis of Variance Page: 525
12.1 The F Distribution Page: 526
12.2 One-Way Analysis of Variance Page: 528
Uses and Misuses of Statistics Page: 538
Glossary Page: 538
Exercises Page: 538
Supplementary Exercises Page: 538
Advanced Exercises Page: 539
Self-Review Test Page: 540
Mini-Projects Page: 541
Decide for Yourself Page: 541
Chapter 12 Technology Instructions Page: 542
TI-84 Color/TI-84 Page: 542
Minitab Page: 542
Excel Page: 543
Technology Assignments Page: 544
CHAPTER 13: Simple Linear Regression Page: 546
13.1 Simple Linear Regression Page: 547
13.2 Standard Deviation of Errors and Coefficient of Determination Page: 563
13.3 Inferences About B Page: 569
13.4 Linear Correlation Page: 574
13.5 Regression Analysis: A Complete Example Page: 579
13.6 Using the Regression Model Page: 586
Uses and Misuses of Statistics Page: 590
Glossary Page: 591
Exercises Page: 591
Supplementary Exercises Page: 591
Advanced Exercises Page: 593
Self-Review Test Page: 593
Mini-Projects Page: 594
Decide for Yourself Page: 595
Chapter 13 Technology Instructions Page: 595
TI-84 Color/TI-84 Page: 596
Minitab Page: 598
Excel Page: 599
Technology Assignments Page: 601
CHAPTER 14: Multiple Regression Page: 603
14.1 Multiple Regression Analysis Page: 603
14.2 Assumptions of the Multiple Regression Model Page: 605
14.3 Standard Deviation of Errors Page: 606
14.4 Coefficient of Multiple Determination Page: 607
14.5 Computer Solution of Multiple Regression Page: 608
Exercises Page: 615
Concepts and Procedures Page: 615
Applications Page: 617
Uses and Misuses of Statistics Page: 617
Glossary Page: 617
Self-Review Test Page: 618
Mini-Project Page: 619
Decide for Yourself Page: 619
Chapter 14 Technology Instructions Page: 619
Excel Page: 619
CHAPTER 15: Nonparametric Methods Page: 622
15.1 The Sign Test Page: 623
15.2 The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test for Two Dependent Samples Page: 636
15.3 The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test for Two Independent Samples Page: 642
15.4 The Kruskal-Wallis Test Page: 649
15.5 The Spearman Rho Rank Correlation Coefficient Test Page: 653
15.6 The Runs Test for Randomness Page: 657
Uses and Misuses of Statistics Page: 662
Glossary Page: 663
Exercises Page: 663
Supplementary Exercises Page: 663
Advanced Exercises Page: 666
Self-Review Test Page: 668
Mini-Projects Page: 670
Decide for Yourself Page: 670
Chapter 15 Technology Instructions Page: 671
TI-84 Page: 671
Minitab Page: 671
Excel Page: 674
Technology Assignments Page: 674
APPENDIX A Explanation of Data Sets Page: A-1
APPENDIX B Statistical Tables Page: B-1
APPENDIX C Lists of Formulas Page: C-1
Index Page: I-1
End User License Agreement Page: I-13