Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation

790 Pages·2018·50.014 MB·English

by  Steven S. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
AtomicMass 39.10140.9[145][231]226[222]186.2102.9[272]85.47101.1[261]150.444.96[263]78.9628.09107.922.9987.6232.07180.9[98]127.6[294]158.9204.4232.0168.9118.747.88183.9238.050.94131.3173.088.9165.3891.22
mic ber 9 9 1 1 8 6 5 5 1 7 4 4 2 1 6 4 4 7 1 8 6 3 3 2 7 5 1 0 9 0 2 4 2 3 4 0 9 0 0
AtoNum 1569887411341062103141317451168965279257334
ol
ymb K Pr Pm Pa Ra Rn Re Rh Rg Rb Ru Rf Sm Sc Sg Se Si Ag Na Sr S Ta Tc Te Ts Tb Tl Th Tm Sn Ti W U V Xe Yb Y Zn Zr
S
e.
p
o
Element Potassium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Radium Radon Rhenium Rhodium Roentgenium Rubidium Ruthenium Rutherfordium Samarium Scandium Seaborgium Selenium SiliconSilver SodiumStrontium Sulfur TantalumTechnetium TelluriumTennessine TerbiumThallium Thorium ThuliumTin TitaniumTungsten Uranium VanadiumXenon YtterbiumYttrium ZincZirconium ongest-lived isot
e l
h
of t
AtomicMass 178.5[265]4.003164.91.008114.8126.9192.255.8583.80138.9[260]207.2[293]6.9419175.024.3154.94[268][258]200.695.94[288]144.220.18[237]58.69[284]92.9114.01[259][294]190.216.00106.430.97195.1[244][209] es the mass
ot
Atomic Number 72 108 2 67 1 49 53 77 26 36 57 103 82 116 3 71 12 25 109 101 80 42 115 60 10 93 28 113 41 7 102 118 76 8 46 15 78 94 84 eses den
h
nt
e
Symbol Hf Hs He Ho H In I Ir Fe Kr La Lr Pb Lv Li Lu Mg Mn Mt Md Hg Mo Mc Nd Ne Np Ni Nh Nb N No Og Os O Pd P Pt Pu Po en in par
v
gi
e
u
Element Hafnium Hassium Helium Holmium Hydrogen Indium Iodine Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum Lawrencium Lead Livermorium Lithium Lutetium Magnesium ManganeseMeitnerium Mendelevium MercuryMolybdenum MoscoviumNeodymium Neon NeptuniumNickel NihoniumNiobium NitrogenNobelium Oganesson OsmiumOxygen PalladiumPhosphorus Platinum PlutoniumPolonium §ossible. A val
p
* ere
ses AtomicMass §[227]26.98[243]121.839.9574.92[210]137.3[247]9.012209.0[264]10.8179.90112.440.08[251]12.01140.1132.9035.4552.0058.93[285]63.55[247][271][262]162.5[252]167.3152.0[257][289]19.00[223]157.369.7272.59197.0 ures wh
s g
mic Ma Atomic Number 89 13 95 51 18 33 85 56 97 4 83 107 5 35 48 20 98 6 58 55 17 24 27 112 29 96 110 105 66 99 68 63 100 114 9 87 64 31 32 79 ur significant fi
o
to ymbol Ac Al Am Sb Ar As At Ba Bk Be Bi Bh B Br Cd Ca Cf C Ce Cs Cl Cr Co Cn Cu Cm Ds Db Dy Es Er Eu Fm Fl F Fr Gd Ga Ge Au are to f
A S e
of m en her
Table Element Actinium Aluminum Americium Antimony Argon Arsenic Astatine Barium Berkelium Beryllium Bismuth Bohrium Boron Bromine Cadmium Calcium Californium CarbonCerium CesiumChlorine ChromiumCobalt Copernicium CopperCurium DarmstadtiuDubnium Dysprosium EinsteiniumErbium EuropiumFermium FleroviumFluorine Francium GadoliniumGallium Germanium Gold The values giv
*
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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Periodic Table of Elements
Noble
Alkaline gases
1 earth metals Halogens 18
1A 8A
metals nonmetals
1
H 2 13 14 15 16 17 He
1.008 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 4.003
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
6.941 9.012 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18
11 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Transition metals
22.99 24.31 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
als K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
et 39.10 40.08 44.96 47.88 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.38 69.72 72.59 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80
m
ali 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
k
Al Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.9 137.3 138.9 178.5 180.9 183.9 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 (209) (210) (222)
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Ac† Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
(223) 226 (227) (261) (262) (263) (264) (265) (268) (271) (272) (285) (284) (289) (288) (293) (294) (294)
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
*Lanthanides Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
140.1 140.9 144.2 (145) 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
†Actinides Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
232.0 (231) 238.0 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (260)
Group numbers 1–18 represent the system recommended by the International Union
of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
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Introductory Chemistry
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n I n t h E d I t I o n
Introductory Chemistry
A F o u n d a t i o n
Steven S. Zumdahl
University of Illinois
Donald J. DeCoste
University of Illinois
Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
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Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation, © 2019, 2015 Cengage Learning
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Brief Contents
1 Chemistry: An Introduction xxii
2 Measurements and Calculations 14
3 Matter 54
4 Chemical Foundations: Elements, Atoms, and Ions 72
5 Nomenclature 110
6 Chemical Reactions: An Introduction 140
7 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions 162
8 Chemical Composition 198
9 Chemical Quantities 240
10 Energy 282
11 Modern Atomic Theory 314
12 Chemical Bonding 350
13 Gases 392
14 Liquids and Solids 438
15 Solutions 466
16 Acids and Bases 504
17 Equilibrium 530
18 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions and Electrochemistry 566
19 Radioactivity and Nuclear Energy 596
20 Organic Chemistry 620
21 Biochemistry 666
v
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
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Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
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