INTRODUCTION TO VLSI SYSTEMS

570 Pages·2008·28.48 MB·English

INTRONUCTION To VLSI SYSTEMS.

CARVER A. MEAD

Prafisor uf Coroner Seiene,
‘Bberea! Fgiererng,

LYNN A. CONWAY

Manager, LST Spsiens rem
Pato dls eosarch Cover,
ferox Corporation

Cupyrgtt © 1973. CMead, L.Cumay

Replis Rescraad

eee;
by

PREEACE:

‘As a result of improvemtet fe fabrication cechnoloys, Large Seale Tauegrated (LST) electronic
Cinily fas become wi dens that a single stew: LST ebip may contain tens uf Casands of
Daasaior, Many LSE chips such a2 miecopricessor, new cimshtuf ccutdpie, comples
subaystin, and thus ure cel Perot ej stn cates zban integrated iris,

‘What we fre soer oo fis is only Ge beganesg. Achieve citi éensily now approximately
inbles wih cach pass, y¢22, How ng can tes wanna ow small cam Une Uaesitor be
rade! From Oy plsscs we find tha ihe Easue diacasions oF trnssueszan be duced to Tess
than 3/10 uF due sn carman inigered sce bofne they cease Ur func 2 ce sor oF
suites elements frm which ws eas easy Lud digital systems. AL ill ersztualy be prvable
tm fake chips will unwed of tunes a2 mang compuneris as teky's. The gcse én such
very hrge scale slept aod (VST) spstems wll tally ‘engsons sales ham the
vwovelenglh of ose liebe. New, ainvuptcal, fsb eaoluton Mtapeaphie te

beng develoced by mang firms 9 enable iene of such eiculy

iqhes ame

The emerging VIST praca 4 challenge ner aty to use davubved in decclopment of
appropriate fabrea, (ecology, bu as br cumpuley sett and enmpaterarchets, The
trajn it slack Uigal systems are seucuced, dhe pleerdutes wed te egg then. he tacos
Dosa tatdeate aed ware aed he meblolags amd mernes of anal of slgorthwes wil
SBI be grey affrted by Me mstuson of slxtnais lecheciogy owe Es ennsimum: cn
We beligve this Wil he ae portant area of a

iy Son compe sewer dn Ihroogh the 1980's

wt receny, dae design of baegeted elctromy

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an sie dengnots wolsing wihin sermkconduete: Zoos, Cipaler stem ot
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Jiro. dul hase’ oflen parteapated m the spectication and degen of Ose wat

haus Easincerisg and Ceanpuler Seine CER/CS} vovieals fave reflec (ks trating, th
sounses by device phgses and anigrated einai desipn aims at ane generally taken by ferent
sludens Caan these intersect stom axhilzcure ad compute sien,

“Ting ext is wren ta fierce gay th Merete, and pun
sad dlectrien anginezrang suk sm atsoduetion 19 ilegraled
Combined 24(4 individuel study an ised towareh res cal paepsion in a
dram projets, tie tek could autve 2 2 hrs fe a yradeate couse saguence A ine
sisliss, Povrons wht he afed G1 aa undevzsdeate test ex dhe “ukjes, or hw auc
ste
Uinzting, # shea ehelnes, wigs, gorse milagre ebvully We wean Gi reads

studeals of ccepUlessconse

1 aehizoluie aed design
tual gtem
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feaduie ome en cemmpuley ackievus. AL ewuld als) 0 uso <0 eslend. ns

teackground ccnains she neste of aM Iauciory exons segues gomouter susrec. end
smear comms i sean cine a igs design,

Up ti now ere have heen weer cbstates in dhe pach oF Mose aulemping Lo gaia ap overall
undersaziding oF integeed sycema, Lacegrtod clctraies, develupiag fn 2 heatedly enmapetiee
business envitonnent, fas pruleraod inl a Tage ary of dillerent deve technologies, cui
design lies, logic dssinn Wwnoiques, nashunaking and water Cacao ceehziques ez, The
Techaningys have Spivak a Boot Uke grass res af “Siicun Valley" an Califoreia, Must
‘artcpants ia Uke indast'y Hae af mecesity conceosrae on sulted aso species, "Tests on
the soba kare feuded to give dette aocourls of some very aartow no-izortal Segraent nf Une
‘overall subiet, such a device physics or cvell esa,

We lve chosen instead Uv pris Ue sainiewrs of base informatie: about éovines, crcl
abreation 20

rats, Jaan desig texbiques, and syste achieve, which is suBicienl ta
wate the reader W spa ‘ily the enlire range uf sbeusccons, trom the adeding physics 10
complet: VLSI Uigtal rexiputer systems, A calker salt st of esrefuly wet Bey emept
fll tha: is uscessay for sis purpome, We hetiewe at enfy by caring ateeg tke least scour: of
Denecessary meatal SAssage sy seeh slop mL Su 8 cay, WEN the stucen. emeyge ith a good
rivera usdersnning of Ihe sahyes: Once thi Lange of absuseens is spanned, the sequence at
concepiscan ‘en be wap ine the Teas en pies OF applietin and lechuetog

Anwiket itor obetate bas heen: he high rake of shunge nf inuegsued lectunis, Me
luinidaled sould easy get One Fling that much energy vauld be invested in earning, eaten
hich becomes obsolete a8 rapidly a6 aL aiid, The enor Areng cmechacse i allthis
change i the sonia mmprivemcen. i bron teehectagy. Chis esulutionary prowss esuls
je the teusbily oF ienndheturing snl aul amtlor dewces as ome passes By inkling the
fects of galing down device iaewsious a8 3p esters iegredkont of afl wapics in ths cx, any
of the ampanant changes uf the sreterwnl purszeters uf ike lndhnolagy are predted
expected od andved Lapel fa

Tre key concepts of this lest are lmsated by wag af speci: ecanples. any given
tecinologe, fous fume Haast a panuealae wis. The Ai upg fuscuon imo form,
inhen unce veduird can he recdily apphsd to ans tects. ecause ofits density, speed,
Tupeloghal nnperies, ane genet aval oF weferfricaluen, aMfOS hae hoon ehoven a Die
tuxtuclogy ia which examples ae mopleceed,

fax aevosphere nf exectemeut ane anlisipation pervades his eld, Workers nm many
bekgrourd, simapaler stiesibs, ekatieal cagineers, and physi, afc eoTiboring mm a
own peblor. sree whic tis aol sek hocomn> clic, The wuutay is sis are largely
explored, “The rewards cv gat for shnse wu septs press Sousa

Conver A. Mead
Paradens Calforue

Ian 4, Conway
Belt, Coifrean

BackeRouND.

‘rior sa the commercial publinton of thi nxTbouk, srs Ikaed puintng is Hing cubated toa
elec ycuup uf uazvrsces ms coarse mes fur graduate cov'ses an mtegrated systems, for the
pupine of obtaiting crreal reviews, Cuplee ate also Reing shsiabated wo Ub industria!
pulps so the Callesh Stier Sinxtues Projet. and to sclecied individuals 1 ubiverstes
ad i advatry for Insir ever, Une authors welonee any saul all comuvats av suggestns
from readers. We are emeetdly increted in Hearing of tke experience of Uh leeching fmm
tre text Nolifstions and corcctions f ego, ideas fr tmpseruents iy Use Cetin) achlques
ase ed suggests 0° nstrucice prublos fr cach ehepsze would be greatly anprecise.

White the meat in this tex prose Ea -igor eeer, a awe ot by toad in Uns onde.
odin

Tach ohapler prevents wart thven a distine leven the Ssoracby oF Uicplines|
fnegier sytem, Tae anata la ane fies mug groupings: chapters | ard 2 provide ele
Irie of eviews aad Fabricator, chaplers 3 and 4 give the Losis of "pn an pemeany
huplovy 3 and © plawec an eemeple nh LST sete Gases, nd chapters 2% ae 9 discs topes
ff eames nse in anegbet systems seine, We rovonrmenal that the sede soe in The
apr where he uF she 1 mor! knosled

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reading sfernces shore neces. the vad cet grausly weusk Muroug: the plinary material
of ell chaplers AW maven a Uo material te this et i provusl; ungublished i ents

issover, Uhoe sOneypls cover 2 YAR Lange oF cin
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cites, bogmning 19%, Sacting fa TEP, skedents in cRose counts Ucigued ané debugged
Tis ema iegried eneaits, The sidas wad-taok incessargy cous spon signs, using
coule cher simple ipl J, The seracimed design malhodslegs presented am this
foot evolved wile us ay sesrate Computer Seieace degansren wis Reread 3: Cabieeh
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rratlcipaals iv Ihig pragien, oven a the Cala sus Ua, ara Yel, DEC,
UM, Tlevlete Bakara, Xemx, ad Dureoughs

Work om this text tema in Aupest 1872, ‘The fist thes ehapsses were used as cure nots
aurong Ure dll of 1972, fe ermsesgtoen by Carnes Masa at Cate aud bs Carle Sequia at U.€.
Hershey, The £9 tes chante wore aed danioe the sprng of 1918 in euuces sivee by ban
Sunland al Celleeh, oy Raters Spicoll a Commegieos, Univesity. and by Led
Revaizeige” 3b Warkingien Univesity SL Lau. "This pehuaze ib being ust again darn the
Tal L938 i the courtes al Cats: and CC. Berkeley. sud 2 we eo. hy Tym Cunt
dale sting at MALT, hy Kent Sih a Uivunsty a Ct, ae Ty Bah Bowe at UCLA.