Introduction to the human body : the essentials of anatomy and physiology

711 Pages·2010·41.64 MB·English

by  Gerard J Tortora

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eighth edition
Introduction to the Human Body
the essentials of anatomy and physiology
GERARD J. TORTORA
Bergen Community College
BRYAN DERRICKSON
Valencia Community College
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
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Executive Editor Bonnie Roesch
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Senior Illustration Editor Anna Melhorn
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Outside Production Manager Suzanne Ingrao
Cover image ©2005 Lois Greenfield
Illustration and photo credits follow the Glossary.
This book was typeset by Aptara®, Inc., and printed and bound by Quebecor Dubuque. The
cover was also printed by Quebecor Dubuque.
The paper in this book was manufactured by a mill whose forest management programs
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ensure that the number of trees cut each year does not exceed the amount of new growth.
Copyright © 2010, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1997, 1994, 1991, 1987 by Biological Sciences Text-
books, Inc. and Bryan Derrickson
This title published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Tortora, Gerard J.
Introduction to the human body: the essentials of anatomy and physiology / Gerard
J. Tortora, Bryan Derrickson. — 8th ed.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-470-23016-9 (cloth)
1. Human physiology. 2. Human anatomy. I. Derrickson, Bryan. II. Title.
QP36.T67 2010
612—dc22
2008036347
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Jerry Tortora Above all, Jerry is devoted to his students and their aspi-
is Professor of Biology and rations. In recognition of this commitment, Jerry was the re-
former Biology Coordinator cipient of MACUB’s 1992 President’s Memorial Award. In
at Bergen Community Col- 1996, he received a National Institute for Staff and Organiza-
lege in Paramus, New Jersey, tional Development (NISOD) excellent award from the Uni-
where he teaches human versity of Texas and was selected to represent Bergen Com-
anatomy and physiology as munity College in a campaign to increase awareness of the
well as microbiology. He re- contributions of community colleges to higher education.
ceived his bachelor’s degree in Jerry is the author of several best-selling science text-
biology from Fairleigh Dickinson University and his master’s books and laboratory manuals, a calling that often requires an
degree in science education from Montclair State College. additional 40 hours per week beyond his teaching responsibil-
He is a member of many professional organizations, includ- ities. Nevertheless, he still makes time for four or five weekly
ing the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS), aerobic workouts that include biking and running. He also
the American Society of Microbiology (ASM), American As- enjoys attending college basketball and professional hockey
sociation for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), National games and performances at the Metropolitan Opera House.
Education Association (NEA), and the Metropolitan Associa-
tion of College and University Biologists (MACUB).
Bryan Derrickson Learning Academy), which sets the standards for the acquisi-
is Professor of Biology at Va- tion of tenure by faculty members. Nationally, he is a mem-
lencia Community College in ber of the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS)
Orlando, Florida, where he and the National Association of Biology Teachers (NABT).
teaches human anatomy and Bryan has always wanted to teach. Inspired by several
physiology as well as general biology professors while in college, he decided to pursue
biology and human sexuality. physiology with an eye to teaching at the college level. He is
He received his bachelor’s degree in biology from More- completely dedicated to the success of his students. He par-
house College and his Ph.D. in Cell Biology from Duke ticularly enjoys the challenges of his diverse student popula-
University. Bryan’s study at Duke was in the Physiology Divi- tion, in terms of their age, ethnicity, and academic ability, and
sion within the Department of Cell Biology, so while his de- finds being able to reach all of them, despite their differences,
gree is in Cell Biology his training focused on physiology. At a rewarding experience. His students continually recognize
Valencia, he frequently serves on faculty hiring committees. Bryan’s efforts and care by nominating him for a campus
He has served as a member of the Faculty Senate, which is award known as the “Valencia Professor Who Makes Valencia
the governing body of the college, and as a member of the A Better Place To Start.” Bryan has received this award three
Faculty Academy Committee (now called the Teaching and times.
iii
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PREFACE
Introduction to the Human Body: The Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, Eighth Edition, is designed for courses in hu-
man anatomy and physiology or in human biology. It assumes no previous study of the human body. The successful approach
of the previous editions—to provide students with a basic understanding of the structure and functions of the human body with
an emphasis on homeostasis—has been retained. In the development of the eighth edition, we focused on improving the ac-
knowledged strengths of the text.
Most importantly, our students continue to remind us of • Chapter 9 A fully revised chapter that provides a
their needs for—and of the power of—simplicity, directness, clearer understanding of nervous tissue structure and
and clarity. To meet these needs, each chapter has been writ- function.
ten and revised to include:
• Chapter 10 Revisions that clarify how the brain and
• clear, compelling, and up-to-date discussions of anatomy spinal cord process sensory and motor information.
and physiology
• Chapter 17 Significantly revised sections on cell-medi-
• expertly executed and generously sized art ated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity along
with updated illustrations.
• classroom-tested pedagogy
• Chapter 21 Revised sections on tubular reabsorption
• outstanding student study support
and tubular secretion.
As we revised the content for this edition we kept our fo-
All clinical applications have been reviewed for currency
cus on these important criteria for success in the anatomy
and have been redesigned into Clinical Connection Boxes,
and physiology classroom and have refined or added new ele-
to be more easily recognizable within the chapter content.
ments to enhance the teaching and learning process.
Many of the entries in the Common Disorders sections at
NEW TO THIS EDITION chapters’ end now have new illustrations. All Medical Ter-
minology and Conditions sections, also at the end of chap-
TEXT UPDATES
ters, have been updated.
Every chapter in this edition of Principles of Anatomy and
ART AND DESIGN
Physiology incorporates a host of improvements to both the
text and the art developed by us and suggested by reviewers, The simple design of the eighth edition allows the illustra-
educators, or students. Some noteworthy text changes in- tions to be the focal point on each page. Each page or 2-page
clude the following: spread is carefully laid out to place related text, figures, and
tables near one another, minimizing the need for page turn-
• Chapter 3 A revision of the section on transport across
ing while reading a topic. You’ll notice the re-design for the
the plasma membrane, which now begins with a discus-
updated Clinical Connections within each chapter.
sion of passive processes (simple diffusion, facilitated dif-
An outstanding illustration program has always been a
fusion, and osmosis) followed by a discussion of active
signature feature of this text. Beautiful artwork, carefully
processes (primary active transport, secondary active
chosen photographs and photomicrographs, and unique ped-
transport, and transport in vesicles, which includes endo-
agogical enhancements all combine to make the visual appeal
cytosis, exocytosis, and transcytosis).
and usefulness of the illustration program in Introduction to
• Chapter 5 A new section on tattooing and body pierc- the Human Bodydistinctive.
ing and a revised section on sun damage. Continuing in this tradition, you will find exciting new
three-dimensional illustrations gracing the pages of nearly
• Chapter 6 A revised section on bone formation.
every chapter in the text. Significantly, all of the illustrations
• Chapter 7 Revised discussions of fibrous joints, types in Chapter 7 on the skeleton are new, as well as all of the il-
of synovial joints, and a new section on knee replace- lustrations in Chapter 8 on muscles. These new illustrations
ments. are among the best that we have ever seen in an anatomy and
physiology textbook and truly support the visual learner in
• Chapter 8 A revised discussion of connective tissue
meeting the challenge of learning so many anatomical
components.
structures.
v
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vi Preface
Thoughtful revisions have been made to many of the
figures depicting both anatomy and physiology throughout
the text. These include enhanced use of color for visual impact
Epicranial aponeurosis
OCCIPITO-
and to better engage students, and clarifying details for better FRONTALIS
(FRONTAL BELLY)
understanding of processes. New or revised illustrations can TEMPORALIS
ORBICULARIS
be found in nearly every chapter of the text. Photomicro- OCULI
Nasalis
graphs and cadaver photographs are included throughout as OCCIPITOFRONTALIS
(OCCIPITAL BELLY)
well, and are often paired with an illustration to provide even Zygomatic arch ZMYAGJOORMATICUS
more clarity for students. Mandible
BUCCINATOR
MASSETER ORBICULARIS
ORIS
Sternocleidomastoid
Depressor
labii inferioris
LEVATOR SCAPULAE
LEVATOR SCAPULAE Trapezius
Clavicle
3 First rib PLATYSMA
TRAPEZIUS 4
5
6 Scapula
7
Right lateral superficial view
1
PECTORALIS
MINOR 2
Humerus Sternum
3 Sagittal suture
SERRATUS
4 ANTERIOR
SERRATUS Coronal suture
ANTERIOR 5 FRONTAL BONE
Ribs
6 6
PARIETAL BONE
External
intercostals 7 7 SPHENOID BONE Optic foramen (canal)
Internal Rectus
intercostals 8 abdominis 8 Squamous suture
(cut) Orbit TEMPORAL BONE
9 9
10 10 LACRIMAL BONE NASAL BONE
ETHMOID BONE PALATINE BONE
(a) Anterior deep view (b) Anterior deeper view Pofe erpthemndoiicdu blaorn pelate Middle nasal concha
RENAL CORPUSCLE
ICNG O Fl o NE m1CR0e5HIr–Ou1AlaR2 r5 fNmiltALra/SmtiAionnL o rf afltuei:d that is ZYGOMATIC BONE
isotonic to blood
Antigen-presenting VF O i l tM esroEeludRt essu bpsretasenncte isn: bwloaotedr (aenxdc eapllt MAXILLA
cell (APC) PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE parmoitneoin as)c iidnsc,l ucdreinagt inioinnes,, gulruicc oasceid,
Reabsorption (into blood) of filtered:
Costimulation Arenctoiggennition WNK+aa + t e r 666555%%% (osmosis) MECReAOenaRNbtLVasYOlo fPrLopUArtRaTioETmnD Oe( iTnFnUt oDB IbSUloTLoAEdL) of: MANDIBLE
Ihnealpcteivre HGACUmIrCl–ue Oica n o 3o –s ae c i d s 118550000000%–%%%90% CWNCaaIa–+2 t+ e r 155v0a%%–ri1a5b%le ((sotsimmuolsaitse)d by (b) Anterior view
T cell Ca2+, Mg2+ variable parathyroid hormone)
Secretion (into urine) of:
H+ variable LTAUSBTU LPEA RATN DO FC ODILSLTEACLT CINOGN DVUOCLUTTED
MHC Ammonia variable Reabsorption (into blood) of:
Urea variable Water 5–9% (insertion of water
Antigen Tan cteigllen Creatinine small amount cAhDaHn)nels stimulated by
Ahecltpivearted InactTiv ec ehllelperreceptor ReabsorpLtiOoOn P(i nOtoF bHloEoNdL) Eof: H NCa+O 3 – voa1anl–dr 4iHoa%s+b tls ee(ers oactinrmmeeotu)ioulanntte, dd ebpyends
T cell Water 15% (osmosis in Urea variable
descending limb) Secretion (into urine) of:
Na+ 20–30% (ascending limb) K+ variable amount to
C(plroonliafel rsaetlieocnt iaonnd CKHC+aCI– 2 O + , 3 M– g 2 + 2v13a005r–%–ia32 b00(al%%es c(eansdceinngd liinmgb l)imb) Urine H + v(amhlaedoaramjuiiankseatbtao glefisnoe t raa ac smdchiiisaeod ntu–(aHnnbre+tays l sps inteu)otmakpes)
differentiation) Secretion (into urine) of: Tubular fluid leaving the collecting duct
is dilute when ADH level is low and
Urea variable concentrated when ADH level is high.
Formation of helper T cell clone:
MP3 DOWNLOADS
An exciting new feature has been added to the
illustration program for this edition. MP3
Active helper T cells Memory helper T cells
(secrete IL-2) (long-lived) downloads linked to identified illustrations in
each chapter give the students the opportunity
to hear while they study—as they would in lec-
ture—about the importance and relevance of the structures
or concepts that are depicted. These illustrations are identi-
fied in each chapter by a distinctive icon.
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Preface vii
COMPLETE TEACHING AND LEARNING POWERANATOMY by Allen, Harper and Baxley Developed in
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The eighth edition of Introduction to the Human Body is ac- of the human body with text, exercises, and review questions
companied by a host of dynamic resources designed to help focused on the undergraduate anatomy and anatomy & phys-
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2927T_fm_i-xxiv.qxd 11/20/08 5:49 AM Page viii
ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY Laboratory Guide are available to package at no additional
MANUAL by Allen and Harper This brief manual has been cost with the main laboratory manual or as stand-alone dis-
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Cat Dissection Laboratory Guide and Fetal Pig Dissection the classroom, laboratory, or for studying and review.