Introduction to the cellular and molecular biology of cancer PDF
Preview Introduction to the cellular and molecular biology of cancer
Introduction to the Cellular and Molecular Biology of Cancer Margaret A. Knowles Peter J. Selby OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Introduction to the Cellular and Molecular Biology of Cancer This page intentionally left blank Introduction to the Cellular and Molecular Biology of Cancer Margaret A. Knowles Peter J. Selby Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds 1 1 GreatClarendonStreet,OxfordOX26DP OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwidein Oxford NewYork Auckland CapeTown DaresSalaam HongKong Karachi KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Nairobi NewDelhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto Withofficesin Argentina Austria Brazil Chile CzechRepublic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore SouthKorea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPress intheUKandincertainothercountries PublishedintheUnitedStates byOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork #OxfordUniversityPress2005,FourthEdition Themoralrightsoftheauthorshavebeenasserted DatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker) Fourtheditionfirstpublished2005 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress, orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriate reprographicsrightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproduction outsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment, OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcover andyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirer BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData (Dataavailable) LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Knowles,MargaretA. Introductiontothecellularandmolecularbiologyofcancer/MargaretA.Knowles,PeterJ.Selby. p.cm. ISBN0-19-852563-X(alk.paper)—ISBN0-19-856853-3(alk.paper) 1.Cancer—Molecularaspects. 2.Cancercells. I.Selby,P.(Peter) II.Title. RC268.5.K562005 616.9904071—dc22 2004030576 TypesetbyNewgenImagingSystems(P)Ltd.,Chennai,India PrintedinGreatBritain onacid-freepaperby AntonyRowe,Chippenham ISBN0-19-856853-3(Hbk) 978-0-19-856853-7 ISBN0-19-852563-X(Pbk) 978-0-19-852563-9 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Preface to the fourth edition Thefirsteditionofthisbook,publishedin1985was firstchapterofthebook.SammyFrankswasPh.D. a testimony to the dramatic molecular revolution supervisor to one of us (MK) and throughout his thatwastakingplaceinbiologyandconsequently career has encouraged young scientists to look in cancer research at that time. The book evolved beyond the topic of their personal Ph.D. or post- fromaseriesofintroductorylecturesdevelopedto doctoral project to encompass the wider picture. help new students and research fellows that came His care in selection of topics and authors for the to work at the Imperial Cancer Research Fund earlier editions of the book generated a compre- Laboratories in London to assimilate the rapidly hensive and readable text that has been used evolving body of knowledge on cancer. These extensively.Inpreparingthisneweditionwehave populartalksweredesignedtogivethenon-expert triedtokeephisoriginalgoalsinmind. abackgroundtorelatedareasofresearchandwere Ourtaskinupdatingthishasnotbeeneasy,not given by experts from within the Imperial Cancer least because of the unprecedented developments Research Fund, many of whom subsequently con- in many areas of biology. There are many more tributed chapters to the first edition of the book. relevant and indispensable topics than before and Twenty years later, the need for a comprehensive thiscreatesaconflictwiththesizelimitationsfora introduction to this broad field is even more textbook of this kind. Perhaps the most difficult apparent and the introductory lectures at what is aspect of modern biology, however, is the com- now the Cancer Research UK London Research plexity of current knowledge that seems to defy Institute continue and are as popular as ever. simplification to the level of the ‘non-expert’. Today,laboratorysciencehasbeguntohaveareal Inevitably, this is more apparent in some areas impact on clinical medicine and it is of utmost than in others and we are aware that the factual importance that scientists have not only a broad contentofthebookhasincreasedenormously.The viewoflaboratorycancerresearchbutalsoagood moderncellormolecularbiologistfacesachallen- understanding of the most up to date treatment ging initiation into the field of cancer research. options. Similarly, it is essential that clinicians Ultimately, however, the dramatic increase in treatingthevarioustypesofneoplasticdiseaseare knowledge provides young scientists today with aware of developments in basic science and can the power to understand and manipulate the fun- apply these appropriately. It is our view that only damental processes of life as never before. We when determined attempts to bridge the gap believe,andhope,thatthereaderwillfind,thatthe betweenthelaboratoryandclinicaremadebyboth obvious benefits in understanding complex biolo- clinicians and scientists that rapid translation will gical problems far outweigh the effort required to take place. Our objective has been to facilitate assimilatetheincreasedinformationcontentofthis acquisition of basic information on all aspects of volume. cancerresearchtofacilitatethisprocess. Wehaveexpandedthenumberofchaptersfrom Inevitably over the years, many authors of this 22to30toincludechaptersthatcoversomeofthe bookhavechanged,sometopicshavebecomeless new technologies such as global analyses of the relevant and new topics have been added. How- genome, transcriptome, and proteome and more ever,wearedelightedthattheinitiatoroftheseries recent concepts and discoveries in cell biology and oneofthe editors ofthe firstthreeeditions of suchastheprocessofapoptosis,therapidadvances the book has given advice during the planning of made in understanding the finite or infinite thisfourtheditionandhasagaincontributedtothe proliferative capacity of somatic cells and the vi PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION epigenome. Huge strides have been made in our period of plenty in terms of what is known and understandingofgenomicalterationsincancercells what is possible and the scope for new scientists and these are reflected in an extensively updated and clinicians to draw on this is unprecedented. chapter on molecular cytogenetics. All chapters Authorship for this edition continues to represent withsimilartitlestothepreviouseditionhavebeen experts in each field of research but this now completely rewritten or extensively updated. On extends beyond the confines of a single organiza- reviewing thefinal contentofthe book,oneofthe tion to draw on expertise from around the world. moststrikingchangesisthegeneralacceptanceby The assembly of such an impressive group of authors of the identity of the key genes affecting experts in such a fast-moving area of research the processes they seek to elucidate. No longer ensuresthatthecontentisasup-to-dateaspossible is identification of genes a critical issue but the and we are indebted to all contributors for their (almostentire)sequenceofthehumangenomenow efforts. Inevitably, there will be omissions and allows biologists to focus on biological processes imbalances that will be felt more acutely by some ratherthandetectiveworkdesignedtofindgenes. readers than others and we encourage readers to Oneofthestrikingobservationsisthediversityof comment and make suggestions for any future typesofgenesinvolvedincancerdevelopmentthat editionsofthebook. isreflectedinseveralchapters.Similarly,develop- mentsinnovelcancertherapiesnowdrawonmany areas of molecular biology and several are now Leeds M.A.K. represented as separate chapters. This is indeed a January2005 P.J.S. Preface to the third edition Successive editions of this book have mirrored now usually written in upper case, italic type and developmentsincancerresearchandwehopethat theirproteinproductsinromantype.Mousegenes thisneweditionwillachieveouroriginalobjective areoftengiveninlowercase italic type, theirpro- of providing a relatively brief but comprehensive ducts as for those of human genes; those from introduction to the initiation, development, and Drosophilia are italicized with only the first letter treatment of cancer. On this background we have capitalized. Specific oncogenes may be cited by a tried to provide an introduction to the results and lower case first letter (c for cellular, v for viral), new developments in the field using the current followed by a hyphen, and then the gene name in techniques of cell and molecular biology. A fuller italictype.However,theremaybefurthermodifier understandingofthedetailinsomechaptersneeds terms.Forthemostpart,wehavetriedtomaintain abasicknowledgeofmolecularbiologywhichcan some degree of consistency but in some chapters be found in several textbooks (e.g. Lodish et al., we have retained the original format if this is still 1995) but the general principles in each chapter usedbymanyworkers. should be comprehensible without this. This edi- The apparently inevitable increase in girth that tionhasallowedustobringup-to-dateinformation seemsto accompany middle agehas had its effect infieldsinwhichtherehasbeengreatactivityand on the book which is somewhat larger than its evensomeachievement.Inparticular,thechapters predecessors but we hope that the increase in concerned with epidemiology, genetic and chro- informationwillcompensate. mosome changes, oncogenes, chemical and radia- AsoneofthephilosophersinTheCrockofGold tion carcinogenesis, growth factors, the biology of (Stephens 1931) commented ‘Perfection is finality; human leukaemia, and hormones and cancer, and finality is death. Nothing is perfect. There are the Glossary have been rewritten or extensively lumpsinit.’*Nodoubttherearelumps,anderrors, revised. Other chapters have been brought up-to- and omissions in this new edition. We should be dateandnewchaptersoncytokinesandcancer,the pleased to have comments and suggestions for molecular pathology of cancer, cancer prevention, theircorrection. andscreeninghavebeenadded. Gene nomenclature may cause some confusion sincealthoughthereisnowastandardizedformat References itisnotyetgenerallyacceptedbyallworkersinthe Lodish, H., Baltimore, D., Berk, A., Zipursky, S. L., field. Many of the genes and oncogenes described Matsudaira,P.,Darnell,J.(1995).MolecularCellBiology. by some earlier workers have retained their origi- ScientificAmericanBooks,W.H.Freeman,NewYork. nalformatforhistoricalreasons.Somegeneswere Stephens,J.(1931).TheCrockofGold.Macmillan,London. discovered in mouse cells, others in humans, and still others in viruses, and different names were given to genes which arenow known tobe essen- London L.M.F. tiallythesame.Genesdescribedforhumancellsare June1996 N.M.T. * Hewascomplainingtohiswifeabouthisporridge.She hithimonthehead. Preface to the second edition The second edition of this book—prepared sooner omissionofthisandthatpieceofinformationreally than we had expected—has given us an opportu- a mortal sin or could the distinguished reviewer nitytocorrectsomeofthefaultsanderrorspointed who pointed it out just happen to have been told out by our readers and reviewers, as well as aboutitbyapassinggraduatestudent?Intheend allowing us to bring the book up-to-date in a of course we did what all editors must do and number of areas in which there have been rapid madeourownchoice. developments. In particular the chapters on the Wehopethatthissecondeditionwillcontinueto geneticandchromosomalchanges,growthfactors, beofusetoitsreadersasanintroductiontocancer immunotherapy, and epidemiology have been studies and as a source of further information expandedandmoreinformation onviralandche- either in key references or in specialized reviews mical carcinogenesis added to the appropriate suchasCancerSurveys. sections. We have also clarified and added new We should still appreciate comments and sug- informationtomostoftheotherchapters. gestionsforfurtherimprovement. At some stage all authors and editors of intro- ductory textbooks are faced with the awful choice of deciding what to leave out. When does com- London L.M.F. pleteness conflict with comprehension? Is the January1990 N.M.T.
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