Introduction to Sustainable Transports

328 Pages·2014·9.298 MB·English

by  Favre, Bernard

IntroductiontoSustainableTransports

Introduction to
Sustainable
Transports
Bernard Favre
Series Editor
Bernard Dubuisson
Firstpublished2014inGreatBritainandtheUnitedStatesbyISTELtdandJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.
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Table of Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Chapter1.TheFundamentalsof SustainableTransport. . . . . . . 1
1.1.Theingredientsofsustainabletransport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2.Towns,territoriesandsustainabletransport . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3.Energyandsustainabletransport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.4.Theenvironmentandsustainabletransport. . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.4.1.“Sensitive”pollutants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.4.2.Greenhousegases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.5.Materialandsustainabletransport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.6.A“committed”changeinEuropeandelsewhere? . . . . . . . . 34
1.7.Towardabetterunderstandingoftheimpactsoftransport . . . 40
1.8.Astrategyforsustainabletransport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Chapter2.Vehicles:AnElementoftheSolutionfor
SustainableTransport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.1.Technology:fromevolutiontorevolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.2.Combustionengines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.3.Environmentalandenergyefficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.4.Hybridizationandelectrification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.4.1Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.4.2.Batteries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.4.3.Constraintsforrecharging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
2.5.Energysolutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
2.5.1.Fuels(refertotheglossaryforalternativefuels) . . . . . . . 81
2.5.2.Emergingsolutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
vi IntroductiontoSustainableTransports
2.6.Noiseemissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
2.6.1.Overallvehiclenoise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
2.6.2.Noisereduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
2.6.3.Noiseregulationanditsimpactonnoiseenvironment . . . 92
2.7.Theintelligentvehicle:“safe-smart-secure”. . . . . . . . . . . . 96
2.8.Sustainablevehiclesandtransport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Chapter3.ASystemicApproachto TransportSchemes . . . . . . 103
3.1.Transportcorridors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
3.2.Transportmode,effectivevelocityanddistancetraveled. . . . 112
3.3.Articulatingmodesandscales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
3.4.Transportscenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
3.4.1.Scenario1:privatetransport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
3.4.2.Scenario2:organizedpublictransport . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
3.4.3.Comparisonofthetwoscenarios. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
3.5.Thetransportofgoods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
3.6.Theprospectsforsustainabletransport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Chapter4.CanWeOrganizeSustainableMobility? . . . . . . . . . 135
4.1.Understandingmobility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
4.2.Principlesofsustainablemobility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
4.3.Massification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
4.4.Developing,poolingandusingdatatoattain
sustainablemobility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
4.5.Mobilityandurbanplanning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
4.6.Urbanmobilityofpeople,exampleofmultimodality . . . . . . 158
4.7.Intercitymobilityofpeople . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
4.8.Logistics:themobilityvectorofmerchandise . . . . . . . . . . 166
4.9.There-appropriationofurbanlogistics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
4.10.Intercitylogistics:squaringthecircle? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
4.11.Paradoxesandmirrorsofsustainablemobility . . . . . . . . . 187
Chapter5.InnovationProjectsforSustainable
TransportSystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
5.1.Dealingwiththetransportsystemthroughthe
multistakeholderapproach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
5.1.1.LUTBTransport&MobilitySystemsthinktanks
(seetheappendixaboutLUTB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
5.2.Transportsystemsandenergy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
5.2.1.Electricchargingstations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
TableofContents vii
5.2.2.Otherfastcharging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
5.2.3.Towardelectricmotorways?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
5.2.4.Otherenergysolutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
5.3.Transportationsystemsandarchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
5.4.Intelligenttransportsystems(ITS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
5.4.1.SeveralEuropeanprojectsonintelligenttransport. . . . . . 219
5.4.2.Linkingofsystemiclayersofintelligence. . . . . . . . . . . 223
5.4.3.Towardaninteroperablecontinuouschain . . . . . . . . . . 227
5.4.4.Man–masteronboard? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
5.5.Theintegrationoftransportsystems,servicesand
transportsolutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
5.5.1.Developmentofequipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
5.5.2.Developmentofservices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
5.5.3.Transportsolutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
5.5.4.Innovationsinoperationandsupervision . . . . . . . . . . . 240
5.5.5.Thelinkingofsystemsinamobilitysolution. . . . . . . . . 242
5.6.Applicationprospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Chapter6.PublicPolicies,Economicsand
SustainableTransport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
6.1.Fromglobaltolocal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
6.1.1.Impactonclimate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
6.2.Europeantransportpolicy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
6.2.1.Researchsupport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
6.2.2.Taxationandfinancialpolicy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
6.3.LinkbetweentheEuropeanlevelandlocallevel . . . . . . . . . 261
6.4.Publicpolicyandeconomics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Conclusions–Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
GlossaryforAlternativeFuels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Appendix–LUTBTransportandMobilitySystems. . . . . . . . . . . 299
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305