Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis

842 Pages·2016·22.36 MB·English

by  Roxy Peck

Introduction
to Statistics
and Data Analysis
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Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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5
eDItIOn
Introduction
to Statistics
and Data Analysis
Roxy Peck
California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo
Chris Olsen
Grinnell College, Grinnell, Iowa
Jay L. Devore
California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo
Australia ● Brazil ● Mexico ● Singapore ● United Kingdom ● United States
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Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis, © 2016, 2012, 2009 Cengage Learning
Fifth Edition
WCN: 02-200-203
Roxy Peck, Chris Olsen, Jay L. Devore
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Printed in the United States of America
Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2014
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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To Lygia and Kyle
R. P.
To my wife, Sally, and my daughter, Anna
C. O.
To Carol, Allie, and Teri
J. D.
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
About the Authors
ROxy PeCK is emerita Associate Dean of Award for excellence in Science and Mathematics Teach-
the College of Science and Mathematics ing in 1986, a regional awardee of the IBM Computer
and Professor of Statistics emerita at Cali- Teacher of the year in 1988, and received the Siemens
fornia Polytechnic State University, San Award for Advanced Placement in mathematics in 1999.
Luis Obispo. A faculty member at Cal Poly Chris is a frequent contributor to and is moderator of the
from 1979 until 2009, Roxy served for AP Statistics Teacher Community online. he is currently
6 years as Chair of the Statistics Department before becom- a member of the editorial board of Teaching Statistics.
ing Associate Dean, a position she held for 13 years. She Chris graduated from Iowa State University with a major
received an M.S. in Mathematics and a Ph.D. in Applied in mathematics. While acquiring graduate degrees at the
Statistics from the University of California, Riverside. Roxy University of Iowa, he concentrated on statistics, com-
is nationally known in the area of statistics education, and puter programming and psychometrics. In his spare time
she was presented with the Lifetime Achievement Award in he enjoys reading and hiking. he and his wife have a
Statistics education at the U.S. Conference on Teaching daughter, Anna, a Caltech graduate in Civil engineering.
Statistics in 2009. In 2003 she received the American Statis- She is cofounder and principal engineer at Geosynergy,
tical Association’s Founder’s Award, recognizing her contri- specializing in the quantification of uncertainty in seis-
butions to K–12 and undergraduate statistics education. mic risk.
She is a Fellow of the American Statistical Association and
an elected member of the International Statistics Institute. JAy L. DevORe is Professor emeritus of
Roxy served for 5 years as the Chief Reader for the Ad- Statistics at California Polytechnic State
vanced Placement Statistics exam and has chaired the University. he earned his undergraduate
American Statistical Association’s Joint Committee with degree in engineering Science from the
the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics on Cur- University of California, Berkeley; spent a
riculum in Statistics and Probability for Grades K–12 and year at the University of Sheffield in en-
the Section on Statistics education. In addition to her texts gland; and finished his Ph.D. in statistics at Stanford Uni-
in introductory statistics, Roxy is also co-editor of Statistical versity. Jay previously taught at the University of Florida
Case Studies: A Collaboration Between Academe and Industry and at Oberlin College and has had visiting appointments
and a member of the editorial board for Statistics: A Guide at Stanford, harvard, the University of Washington, New
to the Unknown, 4th edition. Outside the classroom, Roxy york University, and Columbia. From 1998 to 2006, he
likes to travel and spends her spare time reading mystery served as Chair of the Statistics Department. In addition to
novels. She also collects Navajo rugs and heads to Arizona this book, Jay has written several widely used engineering
and New Mexico whenever she can find the time. statistics texts and a book in applied mathematical statis-
tics. he recently coauthored a text in probability and sto-
ChRIS OLSeN taught statistics in chastic processes. he is the recipient of a distinguished
Cedar Rapids, Iowa, for over 25 years, teaching award from Cal Poly, is a Fellow of the American
and at Cornell College and Grinnell Col- Statistical Association, and has served several terms as an
lege. Chris is a past member (twice!) of Associate editor of the Journal of the American Statistical
the Advanced Placement Statistics Test Association. In his spare time, he enjoys reading, cooking
Development Committee and has been a and eating good food, playing tennis, and traveling to far-
table leader and question leader at the AP Statistics read- away places. he is especially proud of his wife, Carol, a
ing for 11 years. he is a long-time consultant to the retired elementary school teacher; his daughter Allison,
College Board, Chris has led workshops and institutes who has held several high-level positions in nonprofit orga-
for AP Statistics teachers in the United States and inter- nizations in Boston and New york City; and his daughter
nationally. Chris was the Iowa recipient of the Presidential Teresa, an eSL teacher in New york City.
vi
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Brief Contents
1
ChAPteR The Role of Statistics and the Data Analysis Process 1
2
ChAPteR Collecting Data Sensibly 29
3
ChAPteR Graphical Methods for Describing Data 80
4
ChAPteR Numerical Methods for Describing Data 152
5
ChAPteR Summarizing Bivariate Data 202
6
ChAPteR Probability 283
7
ChAPteR Random Variables and Probability Distributions 352
8
ChAPteR Sampling Variability and Sampling Distributions 437
9
ChAPteR Estimation Using a Single Sample 461
10
ChAPteR Hypothesis Testing Using a Single Sample 505
11
ChAPteR Comparing Two Populations or Treatments 561
12
ChAPteR The Analysis of Categorical Data and Goodness-of-Fit Tests 624
13
ChAPteR Simple Linear Regression and Correlation: Inferential Methods 662
14
ChAPteR Multiple Regression Analysis 702
15
ChAPteR Analysis of Variance 732
16
ChAPteR nonparametric (Distribution-Free) Statistical Methods 16-1
Appendix A: Statistical Tables 759
Appendix B: References 779
Answers to Selected Odd-Numbered Exercises 783
Index 805
Sections and/or chapter numbers shaded in color can be found at
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vii
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Contents
1
ChAPteR the Role of Statistics and the Data Analysis Process 1
1.1 Why Study Statistics? 2
1.2 The Nature and Role of Variability 3
1.3 Statistics and the Data Analysis Process 5
1.4 Types of Data and Some Simple Graphical Displays 9
Activity 1.1 Head Sizes: Understanding Variability 22
Activity 1.2 Estimating Sizes 23
Activity 1.3 A Meaningful Paragraph 24
Summary Key Concepts and Formulas 25
Chapter Review Exercises 25
Technology Notes 27
2
ChAPteR Collecting Data Sensibly 29
2.1 Statistical Studies: Observation and Experimentation 30
2.2 Sampling 35
2.3 Simple Comparative Experiments 46
2.4 More on Experimental Design 61
2.5 Interpreting and Communicating the Results of Statistical Analyses 66
Activity 2.1 Facebook Friending 69
Activity 2.2 An Experiment to Test for the Stroop Effect 70
Activity 2.3 McDonald’s and the Next 100 Billion Burgers 70
Activity 2.4 Video Games and Pain Management 71
Activity 2.5 Be Careful with Random Assignment! 71
Summary Key Concepts and Formulas 72
Chapter Review Exercises 73
Technology Notes 76
Want to Know More? See Chapter 2 Online Material for coverage of
Survey Design and Graphing Calculator Explorations.
3
ChAPteR Graphical Methods for Describing Data 80
3.1 Displaying Categorical Data: Comparative Bar Charts and Pie Charts 81
3.2 Displaying Numerical Data: Stem-and-Leaf Displays 91
3.3 Displaying Numerical Data: Frequency Distributions and
Histograms 99
3.4 Displaying Bivariate Numerical Data 119
3.5 Interpreting and Communicating the Results of Statistical Analyses 127
Activity 3.1 Locating States 137
Activity 3.2 Bean Counters! 137
Summary Key Concepts and Formulas 138
Chapter Review Exercises 138
Technology Notes 143
Cumulative Review Exercises 148
See Chapter 3 online materials for Graphing Calculator Explorations.
viii
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.