Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis

896 Pages·2019·47.66 MB·english

by  Roxy Peck

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Index of Applications in Examples and Activities
Act: Activity; Ex: Example
Agriculture Price of fish: Ex 14.13 (online)
Prices of industrial properties: Ex 14.17, Ex 14.19 (online)
Grape production: Ex 3.6
Resumé typos: Ex 3.3
Tomato yield and planting density: Ex 15.12,
Starting salaries of business school graduates: Ex 16.11,
Ex 15.13 (online)
Ex 16.12 (online)
Biology
College Life
Age of a lobster: Ex 5.22
Academic success of college sophomores: Ex 14.1
Barking treefrog behavior: Ex 13.8
Advantages of multiple SAT scores in college admissions:
Bee mating behavior: Ex 3.12, Ex 3.13
Act 8.3
Black bear habitat selection: Ex 5.9
Asking questions in seminar class: Ex 6.5
Calling behavior of Amazonian frogs: Ex 5.25 (online)
Back-to-college spending: Ex 3.7
Cannibalism in wolf spiders: Ex 5.23, Ex 5.24 (online)
College attendance: Ex 3.15, Ex 10.12
Charitable behavior of chimpanzees: Ex 9.10, Ex 9.16,
College choice do-over: Ex 1.4
Ex 11.7, Ex 11.14
Comparing job offers: Ex 4.18
Chirp rate for crickets: Ex 10.15
Cost of textbooks: Ex 9.11
Compression strength of wood: Ex 14.10
Detecting plagiarism: Ex 10.9
Distance deer mice will travel for food: Ex 5.7, Ex 5.10,
Graduation rates: Ex 1.9, Ex 5.13, Ex 13.5
Ex 5.11
Graduation rates at small colleges: Ex 14.6, Ex 14.7,
Distinguishing pâté from dog food: Ex 12.3
Ex 14.8, Ex 14.9
Dominant and nondominant hands: Act 3.2
How safe are college campuses?: Ex 1.5
Effect of human activity on bears: Ex 5.15, Ex 5.16
Impact of internet and television use on college student
Egg weights: Ex 7.31
reading habits: Ex 9.2
Head circumference at birth: Ex 4.19
Importance of college education: Ex 9.4, Ex 9.14
Hitchhiker’s thumb: Ex 6.17
Internet use by college students: Ex 9.1
Loon chick survival factors: Ex 5.19, Ex 5.20
Math SAT score distribution: Ex 3.14
Predator inspection in guppies: Ex 6.18
Money spent on textbooks: Ex 8.1
Recognizing your roommate’s scent: Ex 7.18
Predicting graduation rates: Ex 5.13
Reflexes with dominant and nondominant hands: Act 11.2
STEM college students: Ex 8.7
Salamander behavior: Ex 5.21
Student college housing choices: Ex 6.11
Scorpionfly courtship: Ex 8.4
Student debt on the rise: Ex 3.17
Shark length and jaw width: Ex 13.10, Ex 13.11 (online)
Students with jumper cables: Ex 7.22
Study habits of college seniors: Ex 3.5
Business and Economics
Time required to complete registration: Ex 7.29
Application processing times: Ex 7.8 Tuition at public universities: Ex 3.9
Book sales: Ex 7.1 Visits to class web site: Ex 4.3, Ex 4.4
Business of baseball: Ex 13.9
Cable services: Ex 6.22 Demography and
Christmas Price Index: Ex 3.23
Population Characteristics
Comparing gasoline additives: Ex 2.10
Cost of Big Macs: Ex 4.7, Ex 4.8, Ex 4.12 County population sizes: Ex 4.2
Cost of energy bars: Ex 14.11 Head circumferences: Act 1.1
Cost of residential air-conditioning: Ex 15.8, Heights of college athletes: Ex 1.1
Ex 15.9 (online) Heights of mothers: Ex 4.17
Daily wasted time at work: Ex 10.14, Ex 10.26 Household phone service: Ex 3.8
Education level and income: Ex 3.24 Median ages in 2030: Ex 3.10
Express mail volume: Ex 7.34 Newborn birth weights: Ex 7.27
Licensing exam attempts: Ex 7.9 Two-child families: Ex 6.14
Mortgage choices: Ex 6.16 Voting registration: Ex 10.20
Predicting house prices: Ex 14.5 Women’s heights and number of siblings: Act 13.1
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Education and Child Development Durable press rating of cotton fabric: Ex 14.18 (online)
Engineering stress test: Ex 7.3
Childcare for preschoolers: Ex 4.15
Ergonomic characteristics of stool designs: Ex 15.10,
College plans of high school seniors: Ex 7.4
Ex 15.11 (online)
Combining exam scores: Ex 7.16
Garbage truck processing times: Ex 7.30
Hand gestures in learning: Ex 2.7, Ex 2.9
GFI switches: Ex 6.12
IQ scores: Ex 4.16, Ex 7.28
Lifetime of compact florescent lightbulbs: Ex 10.2
Is education worth the cost?: Ex 3.1
On-time package delivery: Ex 10.18
Note-taking methods: Ex 2.4
Paint flaws: Ex 7.6
Predictors of writing competence: Ex 14.4
Smart phone warranties: Ex 6.24
School enrollment in Northern and Central Africa: Ex 3.11
Strength of bark board: Ex 16.4 (online)
Standardized test scores: Ex 4.14, Ex 10.16
Testing for flaws: Ex 7.11, Ex 7.12
Students’ knowledge of geography: Act 3.1
Marketing and Consumer Behavior
Environmental Science
Budgets and tracking spending: Ex 7.21
Bison of Yellowstone Park: Ex 13.4
Car choices: Ex 6.10
Cosmic radiation: Ex 9.7
Energy efficient refrigerators: Ex 7.5
Lead in tap water: Ex 10.7
High-pressure sales tactics: Ex 16.13 (online)
Rainfall frequency distributions for Albuquerque: Ex 3.19
Impact of food labels: Ex 10.8
River water velocity and distance from shore: Ex 5.17
Satisfaction with cell phone service: Ex 4.6
Soil and sediment characteristics: Ex 14.12, Ex 14.14,
Ex 14.16 (online)
Medical Science
Water conservation: Ex 10.10
Water quality: Ex 1.2 Affect of long work hours on sleep: Ex 11.10
Anti-clotting medications after hip or knee surgery: Ex 11.15
Food Science Apgar scores: Ex 7.10, Ex 7.13
Blood platelet volume: Ex 8.2
Calorie consumption at fast food restaurants: Ex 2.2
Blood pressure and kidney disease: Ex 16.5 (online)
Effect of exercise on food intake: Ex 4.1
Blue light exposure and blood glucose level: Ex 11.12
Fat content of hot dogs: Ex 8.6
Body mass index (BMI): Ex 7.14
Chronic airflow obstruction: Ex 16.9 (online)
Leisure and Popular Culture Contracting hepatitis from blood transfusion: Ex 8.8, Ex 8.9
Cooling treatment after oxygen deprivation in newborns:
Babies on social media: Ex 9.5
Ex 2.6
Car preferences: Ex 6.1
Diagnosing tuberculosis: Ex 6.15
Do U Txt?: Ex 1.6
Drive-through medicine: Ex 9.8
Facebook and academic performance: Ex 11.1
Early detection of lung cancer: Ex 10.6
iPod shuffles: Ex 7.7
Effects of ethanol on sleep time: Ex 15.6
Jeopardy! nerds: Ex 12.1, Ex 12.2
Effect of school start time on sleep patterns: Ex 3.16
Life insurance for cartoon characters: Ex 3.2
Evaluating disease treatments: Ex 10.3
Number of trials required to complete game: Ex 7.2
Exercise and sleep quality: Ex 12.8
Probability a Hershey’s Kiss will land on its base: Act 6.1
Facial expression and self-reported pain level: Ex 12.7
Selecting cards: Ex 6.20
Growth hormone levels and diabetes: Ex 16.10 (online)
Selection of contest winners: Ex 6.7
Heart attacks in high-rise buildings: Ex 12.4, Ex 12.5
Tossing a coin: Ex 6.8
Hip-to-waist ratio and risk of heart attack: Ex 14.2
Video game performance: Ex 4.9, Ex 4.10, Ex 6.2, Ex 6.4
Hormones and body fat: Ex 15.4, Ex 15.5
Word cloud representation of a document: Ex 11.5,
Lead exposure and brain volume: Ex 5.12
Ex 11.6, Ex 11.8
Liver injuries in newborns: Ex 9.15
Lyme disease: Ex 6.27
Manufacturing and Industry
Markers for kidney disease: Ex 7.33
Bottled soda volumes: Ex 8.5 Maternal age and baby’s birth weight: Ex 13.2
Computer configurations: Ex 6.19 Medical errors: Ex 6.9
Computer sales: Ex 7.19 Oxytocin nasal spray and social interaction: Ex 11.16
Corrosion of underground pipe coatings: Ex 15.14 (online) Parental smoking and infant health: Ex 16.2,
Customer hold time: Ex 10.17 Ex 16.3 (online)
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Pediatric tracheal tube: Ex 13.7 Crime scene investigators: Ex 5.14
Platelet volume and heart attack risk: Ex 15.1, Ex 15.2, Effect of cell phone distraction: Ex 2.8
Ex 15.3 Effects of McDonald’s hamburger sales:
Pomegranate juice and tumor growth: Ex 5.4, Ex 5.5 Act 2.3
Premature births: Ex 7.35 Emotional health and work environment:
Sleep duration and blood leptin level: Ex 13.12 (online) Ex 3.21
Slowing the growth rate of tumors: Ex 10.5 Exercise on the rise: Ex 3.22
Sniffing out cancer: Ex 9.6 Fitness trackers and weight loss: Ex 11.3
Surviving a heart attack: Ex 6.13 Safety of bicycle helmets: Ex 5.2
Time perception and nicotine withdrawal: Ex 10.13 Salmonella in restaurant eggs: Act 7.2
Treating dyskinesia: Ex 16.8 (online) Teenage driver citations and traffic school: Ex 6.23
Treatment for acute mountain sickness: Act 2.5
Video games and pain management: Act 2.4 Sports
Vitamin B12 levels in human blood: Ex 16.7 (online)
Age and marathon times: Ex 5.3
Waiting time for hip surgery: Ex 9.9
Calling a toss at a football game: Ex 6.6
Fairness of Euro coin-flipping in European sports:
Physical Sciences
Act 6.2
Electromagnetic radiation: Ex 5.18 Helium-filled footballs: Act 11.1
Rainfall data: Ex 7.32 “Hot hand” in basketball: Act 6.3
Wind chill factor: Ex 14.3 NBA player salaries: Ex 4.5, Ex 4.13
Olympic figure skating: Ex 3.20
Politics and Public Policy Racing starts in competitive swimming: Ex 16.6 (online)
Soccer goal keepers, action bias among: Ex 6.26
Fair hiring practices: Ex 6.29
Tennis ball diameters: Ex 10.1
Predicting election outcomes from facial appearance:
Time to first goal in hockey: Ex 8.3
Ex 13.3, Ex 13.6
Wrestlers’ weight loss by headstand: Ex 13.1
Recall petition signatures: Act 9.3
Requests for building permits: Ex 6.31
Surveys and Opinion Polls
Scientists and nonscientists: Ex 3.4
Are cell phone users different?: Ex 2.1
Psychology, Sociology, and Social Cell phone usage: Ex 11.11
Designing a sampling plan: Facebook friending: Act 2.1
Issues
Jump distance of frogs: Ex 11.2
Color and perceived taste: Act 12.2, Ex 15.7 Love for cell phones: Ex 10.11, Ex 10.21, Ex 10.24
Estimating sizes: Act 1.2 Vaccination coverage: Ex 10.22, Ex 10.25
Extrasensory perception: Ex 6.33 Wedding vows: Ex 7.20
Face-to-height ratio: Ex 5.6
Facial cues and trustworthiness: Ex 5.1, Ex 5.6 Transportation
The “Freshman 15”: Ex 11.4, Ex 11.13
Accidents by bus drivers: Ex 3.18
Golden rectangles: Ex 4.11
Airborne times for San Francisco to Washington, D.C. flight:
Hand-holding couples: Ex 6.30
Ex 9.3
Internet addiction: Ex 6.28
Airline luggage weights: Ex 7.17
Morality in the morning: Ex 2.5
Airline passenger weights: Act 4.2
One-boy family planning: Ex 6.32
Electric cars: Ex 11.9
Stroop effect: Act 2.2
Freeway traffic: Ex 7.15
Weight regained proportions for three follow-up methods:
Fuel efficiency of automobiles: Ex 16.1 (online)
Ex 12.6
Lost airline luggage: Ex 6.25
Motorcycle helmets: Ex 1.7, Ex 1.8
Public Health and Safety
On-time airline flights: Ex 10.4
Age and flexibility: Act 5.1 Predicting transit times: Ex 14.15 (online)
Chew more, eat less?: Ex 1.3 Turning directions on freeway off-ramp: Ex 6.3
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Introduction
EdiTiOn
6
to Statistics
and Data Analysis
Roxy Peck
California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo
Tom Short
West Chester University of Pennsylvania
Chris Olsen
Grinnell College
Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
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Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis, © 2020, 2016, 2012 Cengage Learning, Inc.
Sixth Edition
Unless otherwise noted, all content is © Cengage.
Roxy Peck, Tom Short, Chris Olsen
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Print Number: 02 Print Year: 2019
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To Lygia and Kyle
Roxy Peck
To my children: Bob, Kathy, Peter, and Kellen
Tom Short
To my wife, Sally, and my daughter, Anna
Chris Olsen
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Author Bios
Roxy Peck is Emerita Associate Dean member of the AP® Statistics Development Committee.
of the College of Science and Mathematics He has also served on the Board of Directors of the
and Professor of Statistics Emerita at American Statistical Association. Tom treasures the
California Polytechnic State University, time he shares with his children and the many
San Luis Obispo. A faculty member at adventures experienced with his wife, Darlene.
Cal Poly from 1979 until 2009, Roxy
served for 6 years as Chair of the Statistics Department cHRiS olSen taught statistics in
before becoming Associate Dean, a position she held for Cedar Rapids, Iowa, for over 25 years,
13 years. She received an M.S. in Mathematics and a and at Cornell College and Grinnell Col-
Ph.D. in Applied Statistics from the University of lege. Chris is a past member (twice!) of
California, Riverside. Roxy is nationally known in the the Advanced Placement® Statistics Test
area of statistics education, and she was presented with Development Committee and has been a
the Lifetime Achievement Award in Statistics Education table leader and question leader at the AP® Statistics
at the U.S. Conference on Teaching Statistics in 2009. reading for 11 years. He is a long-time consultant to the
In 2003 she received the American Statistical Associa- College Board, and Chris has led workshops and insti-
tion’s Founder’s Award, recognizing her contributions to tutes for AP® Statistics teachers in the United States and
K–12 and undergraduate statistics education. She is a internationally. Chris was the Iowa recipient of the
Fellow of the American Statistical Association and an Presidential Award for Excellence in Science and Math-
elected member of the International Statistics Institute. ematics Teaching in 1986, a regional awardee of the
Roxy served for 5 years as the Chief Reader for the IBM Computer Teacher of the Year in 1988, and re-
Advanced Placement (AP®) Statistics Exam and has ceived the Siemens Award for Advanced Placement in
chaired the American Statistical Association’s Joint mathematics in 1999. Chris is a frequent contributor to
Committee with the National Council of Teachers of and is moderator of the AP® Statistics Teacher Commu-
Mathematics on Curriculum in Statistics and Probability nity online. He is currently a member of the editorial
for Grades K–12 and the Section on Statistics Educa- board of Teaching Statistics. Chris graduated from Iowa
tion. In addition to her texts in introductory statistics, State University with a major in mathematics. While ac-
Roxy is also co-editor of Statistical Case Studies: A quiring graduate degrees at the University of Iowa, he
Collaboration Between Academe and Industry and a concentrated on statistics, computer programming and
member of the editorial board for Statistics: A Guide to psychometrics. In his spare time he enjoys reading and
the Unknown, 4th edition. Outside the classroom, Roxy hiking. He and his wife have a daughter, Anna, a
likes to travel and spends her spare time reading mystery Caltech graduate in Civil Engineering. She is a risk
novels. She also collects Navajo rugs and heads to modeler at RMS, the world’s leading catastrophe risk
Arizona and New Mexico whenever she can find the time. modeling company.
ToM SHoRT is an Associate Professor
in the Statistics Program within the
Department of Mathematics at West
Chester University of Pennsylvania. He
previously held faculty positions at
Villanova University, Indiana University
of Pennsylvania, and John Carroll University. He is a
Fellow of the American Statistical Association and
received the 2005 Mu Sigma Rho Statistics Education
Award. Tom is part of the leadership team for readings
of the Advanced Placement® Statistics Exam, and was a
iv
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Brief Contents
1
The Role of Statistics and the Data Analysis Process 1
2
Collecting Data Sensibly 28
3
Graphical Methods for Describing Data 77
4
Numerical Methods for Describing Data 148
5
Summarizing Bivariate Data 197
6
Probability 277
7
Random Variables and Probability Distributions 343
8
Sampling Variability and Sampling Distributions 427
9
Estimation Using a Single Sample 453
10
Hypothesis Testing Using a Single Sample 507
11
Comparing Two Populations or Treatments 576
12
The Analysis of Categorical Data and Goodness-of-Fit Tests 654
13
Simple Linear Regression and Correlation: Inferential Methods 689
14
Multiple Regression Analysis 730
15
Analysis of Variance 759
16
Nonparametric (Distribution-Free) Statistical Methods 16-1
Appendix: Statistical Tables 785
Answers to Selected Odd-Numbered Exercises 805
Index 845
Sections and/or chapter numbers shaded in color can be found at
www.cengage.com
v
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