Introduction to Solid-State Lighting

93 Pages·2002·29.06 MB·English

by  Arturas Zukauskas Michael S. Shur Remis Gaska

INTRODUCTION TO

SOLID-STATE

LICHTING

HIN

3070
CONTENTS

PREFACE ma
4. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION. 1
2. VISION, PHOTOMETRY, AND COLORIMETRY. 7.

PHOTOMETRY,

cOLORIMTRY

3. BULBS AND TUBES...

{INCANDESCENT FILAMENT LAMS 21
2 TUINGSTEN HALOGEN Las 2
1.2 FLLORESCENT LAMPS, M
212, LOW-IRESSURE SODIUM LAMPS 2
TIIGHL-PRESSL RE DISCHARGE LAMPS x0
181. Maney Las x0
aE CONTENTR cONTENS

351 Meta Halide amps 43, PHOTON OUFCOLPLING INNONRECEANGET AR AND.

3.1, LIGHTING ECONOMY ane SAL, Shaped Chis. ad
4. BASICS OF ALL-SOLID-STATE LAMPS... 37 pe eaipcaes a
SE OEE, ee 54. PHOTON DENSILY-OF-STATFS ENGINEERING. 10s
BE LED Feturmince a” 342, Resonant Cavity LTD. 106
4.1.4, Heteostructies and Quartum Wel s. AK Siesiiaeenl Seat ‘

12: SIMHCORDLCTOR MATER ALS SYSTEMS TOR 6, WHITE SOLID-STATE LAMPS . 17
4.2.2. AKiaAs Materials System, es 37 4.1.2. Dichromatie Systems. 9
13.1. Elvetroluminesceut Suuciures 70 6.3. MULTICHI LEDS, Lol
412, Contacts and Current Spreating, 75 631. Dichnuratic Multichip LEDs. 129

5. LIGHT EXTRACTION FROM LEDs... 3 17, APPLICATIONS OF SOLID-STATE LAMPS ..
ELI. Escape Cones. at TL. LBD Stings. sid
FLGH-HRIGHENESS LEDs, ~ a 21. Trae Lights saad
52.2. AlGaluP LEDs a 7.2.3, Miscellaneous Signage. am

52.3. AlloGHN LEDS 9 42, DISPLAYS. seis
22, Alpkrameris Dilys
T2. PallCoie Vids Daan.
74 MEDICAL APPLASAIIONS
F411. Photthoraps of Sect Jaunis
FAA, Phovdyamie Tet.
73. Phatopalymersatir of Datel Connie
7A. Phoathorpy of Sasi Aletve soe,
25. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
784, Plt Ginwing
7.52, Phubinescors
76. OPMICAL MEASLREMENTS,
761, Fluorescence Senor
P83. Time arg Frequaes-Domsn Spcrasapy
6 1. Other Opel Apelcains
HLUMINAnoN,

121 Ls lemon.

2. General Liking,

7, The Fare ot Sole Lihng

REFERENCES

INDEX.

‘Supplemantary les accompanying thie beok aan be aces
‘ip:ifip.wiley.comipubliefscl tech medilighting

PREFACE

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Pa LEDs are the nos cient sources of colored baht almgst the etre
[TENE Spectel enge Whit shes eoveerstin LEDS lest surpass ns
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Srmvaradin psicny ht, materi sense, opens iting
crpnces an ving adnan oy on sla: ig that
Pees om reap te tore af this esting ehnotogy. Various ise of
Sephecemicoets mgs vr sn deserfbd the sekentie iene, Med
crete based on alas, AlGalaP ad AllnGa senisendctrs ate dora
Whe enosions o aicles eed tingfllw and Craord (19¥2) and by
‘Mller (19005) Nakamura al Fal (97) and Nakamurs and Chk bw (2000)
‘wed blue Minti bued ght ites tat ae che most scent achieve
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of LED teinlogs. Thaw books Fane i sensonsito pes. tel,
sce fia and fst mss applies flee a ge sero age

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bo et soles TOES 648 hove pat flight ectnolows.
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high igines TED tops ine contents igh nunca sie hay
teal solnyy Vs ala mice hii apes ct lana, deserbe We cara
‘sricann of vile ig Ascus convened lighting derice, aad wonder No
Dablems af sharon of hie light hy LELiw ad of it exten fm 3 8d
Ste. Ancter unique fetus cour Book +7 concerns review ol exiting
atcemergingarpiatins otal lghne

We hope th che book wil fe sell fr tenloss, sien, on
tes a6 wal far Bushesspeopis sl dens fs se inset nthe dav
pment a! aplicacions at Soldat Uigting. The book ca ass be use a
‘exo fs graduate al venir nrg ence ons ate lan od
ston reference ext lor souses in semonluur psc eile
‘sieve clunic dev ce din, hing cmnetng, ul oper,

Supplemenvary ies accompany ag this. hash car be aveesscd
‘pfs conus oc me gna

Wears wtf sur nine re enc ed ures ae

Artes Zukanshs, Michal, Shur and Reis Case

troy. NY. 2001

INTRODUCTION TO
SOLID-STATE LIGHTING
CHAPTER 1
UA

HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION

To innadce te subject, a bef hse sores oe teckel 0 Maing
levees presen nth chapter The survey I bovel on some encplapeio
"ius acento! bork oF Bowers (/998 and the vefeevees herein, Sen
‘luis come fom the Fneelopedn Dita (1°11), wie offers an wheric
review of lighting txhulogy achievements hey wete he ist doce othe
Torta century Move dtl on prsen-y lighting deites, mast of which
‘hee nginered i ee secs othe teal sear, ate sven in Chap
fight puedval by electronic trnitione fom higher fer emery
stoes Enitvion to higher safer may be achieved by a sity of termine,
{Ghncally th histony a ging testnnlogs deseios seers of nore aml
tre elicit td coment snciode nf clcoic caitavon and asta
Binsin Hlonevr sith the exception of tela 9 hunted eas sk of
Shs knowlege roled in esremely slow pres, and many geverations of
ples sae impvercnt i gi nc ities
is mine sehr ofthepnecenhcetur, Name produced by erbustion
svc the onl source facil High Cookhstion recs in high eves ol eet:
‘on etalon and molecules. Tas emisiun caused by pprtaminescence, hel
issue tadiive eatin sited ors eas, ection of ons
foam mee, adcanescenee oF 0) piles Ine Zame
Ve tist sal Ligh source ws, ck oes wey we mg 0
sano vers aga trokaly a1 Fa same te. bars inset rable gh bs
Fey apa piece of hung wee sic boca the Hs: ure. Forhoscands
rath the tee pitti llarion © corsbston was emplsye) in Waist
= HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION

Laie eth mm neocon
tony esc ranstly as antiques ara erernom at accessories. ves
a se Peabo the Fa ighting device hs gretl fprved cha elfcseney of
‘beer of the thant. é ——

FIG. bran phe ik pg om sh
beer renoed. Carey athe Scene Maan Scere Pa

HISTORICAL INTRODLCTIGN:

consol for wing the wick up a do The dso sa axed esearch
reset AL, Livsiner we ciated tat eordustons de asygen in
iemansrciel to Ring George I, ané Agron was gered

hes The hap ae
Se ipalah sate (So. "SF 1784) Inthe mth cenury, wmeDUs

EeMbnewe ine! op nane nL sup, ee he wick ond bee.

rvclan ot mines ol} wee props. Retesee iy. rue 18

trae aces ping device an Fada Fuge tpt caging
tere attsy of elven, They se ll bag prc fr iting
orton elector ible

‘Suv iigheyg nosed Sis ivartoe Wiliam: Marsh 1772
sar ae besering of he inlet et, emo eon Duston£f gseras
seis fake prston wis mpl date ints for adr dome
ee aad puns ing as ol fv ast hing ow soz tan hi
Galina dating we afanees seszessflly nd ifsc comar

Tarsinon wales, forte aes and mufrcuris Was eta he
The sa alive ihe device a he tinea (ig. 12}. Te devin,
inteslied ty Thongs Drenenond in I8ch, coesisted of « cslindr of Ime
iB ones, whisk sas buaght so g sate of daring brisasy by the
fan exvidiagen blosprrs Fiision wan duc @ 2 nove eees—

ame
aBdaamtacry-e ad scevere by Cinloswirhy Gumcy 1820. Caden
eve m caused ty Hasna} silt 50 0, whish ei (1 execs a Backhoe
FReanleconee Limeigi nas edi ets e505 anc Ue ol 268

(Nal de clctie ane Mauiickss, ie KA te sands based

He Meu Sskrocal Soe ese Lina Tanda) 7
High sou

ens revive by Atk vou Nel, who dove te gt man

ten fished na sition of rack eel ee oe
ria ane he oe 19). Te male

ind in kerosene and gas laraps. -
oe insect ey lumphry Davy desrunsiteted sclurge be
fy hapaered ony tte 1870s, when ZT. omene oocsced cea
‘Ur wo4s-current generator {dynamo}. al
lightioy device in 186 (Fig. 1.3) a

tot the Fst pation ecie
1 consisted nf Ho paral shen mit sep
‘sspeum plaster, shh crue a he essere

FIG.1., occa te sce i

STORICAL INTRODUCTION

acs avay (iene, ma mechani for alustlg the gap been he secre
wie). spies snl Heme (ust lew Hu), Jablocha's can
2k Gmmeites aped fx aes hasan and povided weod publi fa
SEU letings tvs few yous, sy were roplsed by Naheraerformance
Finger! eins (up f0 DBI oar) carbonate cevces with ghetanclotre, ee
AUR hed aorgpution woke and ehenallytated letose. Caton
{Ems ene idly fr set ving poe sec daca ofthe ten
Rar ethan rset lolghing dure boa we wa. They ae the
esis rade igh ntesy discharge lamps

‘Thos alsa Laon and oven Wikos Sian were the mos succes and
pent inventors ofthe nen aot Lp. Bison demonstrate his
ERs atthe sad of 1479 and otane pent Fra Slane amp (CS. patent
No S288 of 7D), Swan demons sm incandescoat lamp ext 19 137%
however tne steps sf hi patents ere the thous of evacuation and >e
Venton of tracze of te lass at seals (Bstsh pers No. 1B and No. 230 of
Thi Got saved with sarbolzeepoper Blame in exact las lel
Liter Econ wed 4 Ghar parva tnge ut Japanese arose abo
facie fst elec esters sys The ination ofthe eanencen
Feament hemp ees asemparieg hy mous per Wale Sulsogiont rp com
Invi onc the carton an promotes onan hl a0 Pose
(Ears of th slesine and lighting laos Gener Hlse Curpany (GE. do
Seino of the con Vesne Light Campars [Betsh] Gener Flic
nny (GEC), AEG. Seems, and igs Atte end of che mieten hse
fay the saat lamp isthe preter Tilting device fr indoor vs.
Nevwhlo, grat ffs were made eplice coho wih a meer ta could
{pea ther temperate and th educed deposition alas (eubon dar
hehe br) te IRV, Nerve valog a lient mie a cru xSde-basod
Sv ekeuslte The crn ofthe sinson the sme 4s nthe iit and
“smart, bt te tema excision as due to lec ren. The era tg
hn the ahesteffieney and sine, Hovever, 1 Was soon sipeselel bs
‘rencSlanon lamps. Abou mits i de get lig points ae bile
20 dfs to daw fats wits, ths stale war overcome by gral Trogne
"iy of ear anal, wn fly, tora (A. Jat an ama, Gee
Pek ha 154-263 of 193), The pes fs fhe inandezcet Uryste
‘et baal comps nthe ft hin ft oie ety

Dhocharge in lrw-prsae vex nas investigated intnavels ano di
large mgs ware experimesteé wit throu the nveteea cena: But ra
{ail 199 ki Peter Ceoper Hest pen he mera wypr tap. The Lap
Sued by nechavialippiag abd emited bluish wreen light hat dsortd clos,
Hiner, sxibtad eines mich higher than tha of the crben-amer
lonp To improve clor enon ince red pat of Te specu, CO. Basan and
AE Saishary suite tie lap with a To-temperre tnsandesct Lap
(Hot: Doshange taps wig sr ete itodkoed commecilly hy D Mt Noo
Jn 191 Garhow dinige shuaiogen Wee used sortewhat er. Moors bes
ses hing = on} comin ges sat JU ta pomat, and ete Fee
Tg vet.
6 HisTaRIe8! INTRON JeTION

Cle deeloed cchnelogy for iguana and ceasing ts cost
cts Fe asthe ist to discharge lampe with ror pases (1919), Fuser de
‘elpment of eas discharge aps inva he cathodes ear Go those devel
epee moths) 1 race persion vege psec neon 9F
‘sedi vapor, and increased pessre fr wideing ts Subs etn

In 1938, GE and Westinghuse alecuie Corporation pt onthe mart new
ore a whe Lamps that vere nating ane thn hove peste metry te
Shag lamps wath the inside of the be erate with fret peer “Tae
fvoresen lame explo photslimincessce exited by altaile! enbsit OF
‘wcwurg. The fst shosphors were of mineral ongin They Neve superseded Oy
2yatheiincauns materials. aml Saming a 1948, the mst connor el phos
plo white seesent lamps as ben sali halephosphats at PAaN EC,
stated by 99 aod Mos,

By the end of he 1990s, a he dwn of sinicandotor device lighting, dhe
ase pt oF resin ing provided & tangs incandescent legs.
sens ep i eg oes lhe ie
ieney: Most work envious empay Musiescen lamps and ret hi
seria by sain heer ssc cane Sa ns
raplesive development af sali-tte hghting based wn ih sihmessviMe
{iht mining os (LEDs, whisk hav akeny found mene le ppc

CHAPTER 2
Ce ee

VISION, PHOTOMETRY, AND
COLORIMETRY

lu tis chapter we afer w bi avy of wen phone, an clarimety in
Kens oF he baci enc thal ase flevne or mba lighting. Mo at
tin pid te colo rendering eich es rye papery a “cold lm
fut Hore leis cam be tors in spevilized books fee, 2, Coaten ad
Norion 149%. Wyazsa ad Ses 200), Rea 2000, cad yelerences Wet) a5
ella in iteratiron Yeemetir cies (ergy and Deap 1976, Gilsson ad
‘Shar 1987, Stones and Ciaord 1997,

21, HUMAN VISION

Ling eco ao i proper hana ve Vien sin
rate prcess which pra nang, nthe chaning pate of arin.
Iiminaee ta chromiay The gropeics of vison dering the quit a
tli exacts for iin

“The mary processes oon nscr inthe eye, wher th nage i project
on the mT sina empriss Hele ells (cepa, whi somvert he
neipy of igh ito none impulses The recta of to ype tose
‘ts Reds exhibit higher sanity and pay imperant ole th meh vin,
Sha the eye apts to dark Geep ion). nwets, ods ae aot ae tn ie
Thumish betwacr. clom sncs the} cian any ome ype a poteigrien. Ts
“ror notig ht these ecepios te enced ose he weal pat 0° He
‘ain ts Heng respenibie wpa sha
s Vision PHOTOMETRY AND COLORMETRY

{ner condos of high nine, the espn of i sa ae, Ne
sion mene era by cone recepes (porate wison). Cones may cont
oe of Oe ats: enol L-type o oneal cons ctl.
(Se vara oe, ard Sanoabe Coa, shone
Sigur The tyson ges a eet a fh ton
(Gowan ts in he peritery-Paopison seer enti et
Sra ots

Due 1 the eileen phocorespis outed the specie sete
Scope sn novell etopi wom BS (ip 211). Theatr ot
SEH Sins, whch seine bythe phos nro and the
{ans hitance of presetnal ed, wake ath serene tt fevteneo
{of 50 min. The phtpie speat rcodshic w tarspct Te ps
Spice he peak ofthe pote sensi rsd the elon ten ean
Mavvavelengof 299 an bar ware

So Fumn actele rv ve photopic wi, whch she mest inp
fromthe poi uve uf Tiging tenolgs. Therefore mich eo ha hen
‘Spondel elite and digas te apa seopence ad solr reo
Blttcpc vison. In 1924, the Intmio! Connrartay onan (IE.
Commision ‘weratcne Ue Msgs) aeduced the rote, fanaa
fii fro, H(A. for phone vison tn 1981, 3 smi Rncdon, V2).

+909 inteadaco fe ectic wish, Buh Farin aed
tla sins ate depict In Fi. 21.1 The
famstion ¥(2) is defi ithe ge 380 16 78D TH weasel itera of
lesromagete radiation is ubiately dened he ie pvt aer(Rs 0)

ven

Retatve Sensitivity

10° L
“oa s00 00nd 600

Wavelength nm)

FIG.211, Nommaize spe

serety oer pss sé En, 3)

1192 CIE] sete vive Mali, 2} Som 181 CEL

puoTOMETRY

22, PHOTOMETRY »

sence ain, tnt Sete ues ad
Hi ce mas me ghd vs adele te
oe re Uoney Fang, rane ©, ste une te of
eee met Por pe fe onl ina gen tin Peto
Se al roy whch wey i ence
Sa we hoes iyo neue vl pte Tees

righ is cleo

fonts densi the rian Min, =o faln called the gestra!
poner aabuion (SPD), S(2)] srweh the (824 CTE Luminous eens Fe
uP) sli ure in Fg, 2.1.1 meas aes i

0, = 3 imfWx Jo, 1U)E ean

Hoe te inerrant over the caine Wsble specu. Consequently, the
Fu nosy fhe ins rom pein source per nisl dangle

1 er InP fF en

wor fa = A flit spc sy fhe air ens Tw ius
ite sessed in coe fe rr te cand: 1 fa tf the
Sys Incactonal iis ql othe RS eniy f a sor
tintenis mesocrematcrait on oftRequency $410 "Il hat has raion
iy of 4) Us, emt vaes ne meased wih al sit
leo 10 ay acd engl ors. 0 conve fom amin te
simu th ens yf inetd nes al over eet pre
ie spsil paces apy 157)

“he ecpt uniners inten not rely eppiabe to wt exe}
sour tpt samt erated spot see Sat sures re dbo)
Mma hich the qt uf Tani Ban popesting Foo
sles stan and serv an ale per nit sod ae

© aes da coso)= af". e

‘ohise isthe aes pest in he dreton ofthe obser. the luninme
is measurad in candela per square meter edn), Nearoes with aight un

‘ince pear brie fa those with Leet mianes, The visual sense 6
Salons an eyst hat doesnt ei bt ate, reese be chara
‘Ete hy the velco fot et nw centan source. Seve