Introduction to RF Equipment and System Design

281 Pages·2004·3.08 MB·English

Introduction to RF Equipment
and System Design
ForalistingofrecenttitlesintheArtechHouse
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Introduction to RF Equipment
and System Design
Pekka Eskelinen
Artech House, Inc.
Boston • London
www.artechhouse.com
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AcatalogrecordofthisbookisavailablefromtheU.S.LibraryofCongress.
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
Eskelinen,Pekka
IntroductiontoRFequipmentandsystemdesign.—(ArtechHouseradarlibrary)
1.Radio—Equipmentandsupplies2.Wirelesscommunicationssystems—Designandcon-
struction3.Radiofrequency
I.Title
621.3’84
ISBN1-58053-665-4
CoverdesignbyIgorValdman
©2004ARTECHHOUSE,INC.
685CantonStreet
Norwood,MA02062
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Alltermsmentionedinthisbookthatareknowntobetrademarksorservicemarkshave
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InternationalStandardBookNumber:1-58053-665-4
10987654321

.
Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xi
CHAPTER 1
Introduction 1
1.1 Definitions 1
1.2 WhattheReaderShouldAlreadyKnow 3
1.3 StyleofApproach 5
1.4 GoalsinSystemDesign 7
1.5 TheSpiritofSystemDesign 7
1.6 ReliabilityandAvailability 9
1.7 EffectsofUserProfile 10
1.8 ProjectWorking 11
References 12
CHAPTER 2
Available Parameters 15
2.1 StandardizationandRegulations 15
2.2 Frequency 16
2.3 Power 22
2.4 NF 24
2.5 RFTransmissionLines 25
2.6 GeographicalTopology 28
2.7 Modulation 29
2.8 EffectsoftheBasebandSignal 31
2.9 SignalProcessing 32
2.10 NonelectricalFactors 33
References 36
CHAPTER 3
Systems Problems Involving Wave-Propagation Mechanisms 37
3.1 PropagationModelsinBriefwithReferencetoSystemDesign 38
3.2 MeanstoCounterAdverseConditions(StationaryandNonstationary) 42
3.2.1 Attenuation 42
vii
viii Contents
3.2.2 Scattering 46
3.2.3 MultipathProblems 48
3.2.4 InterferenceIssues 51
3.3 Examples 51
3.3.1 UnexpectedIonosphericDisturbancesatHFs 51
3.3.2 InterferenceProblemsinMicrowaveLinks 54
3.3.3 ReceptionofWeakGeostationarySatelliteSignals 59
References 60
CHAPTER 4
Circuits and Components for System Evaluations and Design 63
4.1 StandardorCustomDesign? 63
4.2 PassiveModules 64
4.2.1 Terminations 64
4.2.2 Attenuators 65
4.2.3 PowerDividersandCombiners 66
4.2.4 Filters 66
4.2.5 DirectionalCouplers 70
4.2.6 Isolators 71
4.3 ActiveModules 71
4.3.1 Detectors 72
4.3.2 Switches 74
4.3.3 Mixers 76
4.3.4 Amplifiers 79
4.3.5 Oscillators 83
4.3.6 ModulatorsandDemodulators 87
4.3.7 Upconverters/Downconverters 90
4.3.8 PowerSupplies 90
4.4 Mechanics 91
4.5 PurchasingModulesforEquipmentDevelopment 93
References 94
CHAPTER 5
Antennas and Associated Hardware 97
5.1 AntennaSelectionCriteria 98
5.2 SomeAntennaTypes 103
5.2.1 IndividualAntennaElements 104
5.2.2 AntennaArrays 113
5.2.3 Vehicle-MountedArrays 128
5.3 AntennasasMechanicalElements 134
5.3.1 AntennaMountingonTestVehicles 134
5.3.2 ATrackingSystemfora3-mReflectorAntenna 137
5.4 RFTransmissionLines 140
5.4.1 CoaxialCables 141
5.4.2 Waveguides 146
5.5 Connectors 147
5.5.1 GeneralPerformanceRequirements 148
Contents ix
5.5.2 FundamentalConstruction 148
5.5.3 CommonRFConnectorTypesforMechanicalModules 149
5.5.4 ConnectorsasComponentsinMilledorSheetAssemblies 152
5.6 RotaryJointsandFlexibleWaveguides 153
5.6.1 RotaryJoints 154
5.6.2 FlexibleWaveguides 155
References 157
CHAPTER 6
TXs, RXs, and Transceivers 159
6.1 RequirementsforTX 160
6.2 BlockDiagram 166
6.3 ChoosingtheBuildingBlocks 168
6.4 RequirementsforRXs 170
6.5 BlockDiagram 174
6.6 ChoosingtheBuildingBlocks 176
6.7 SelectinganRXfortheSystem 179
6.8 TransceiverSpecialties 180
6.9 Examples 183
6.9.1 SatelliteSystemGroundBeacon 183
6.9.2 MaterialAnalysiswithMillimeterWaves 188
6.9.3 MobileMillimeter-WaveRadar 193
6.9.4 MicrowaveTelemetrySystem 198
6.9.5 UHFTimeandFrequencyReference 203
References 212
CHAPTER 7
RF Measuring Instrumentation 215
7.1 DefiningaTestSetup 215
7.2 TypicalTestInstrumentsforSystems 217
7.3 Ready-MadeorTailored 218
7.4 AboutComputerControl 219
7.5 Examples 220
7.5.1 EstimatingVHFGroundConductivity 221
7.5.2 High-PowerHFVNA 225
7.5.3 PatternandImpedanceMeasurementsofCompactAntennas 226
7.5.4 TestInstrumentationforAirNavigationFacilities 229
References 241
List of Acronyms 243
List of Symbols 249
About the Author 253
Index 255