Table Of Content

Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods A GUIDEBOOK AND RESOURCE FOURTH EDITION Steven J. Taylor Robert Bogdan Marjorie L. DeVault ○ Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper. ∞ Copyright©2016byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved. PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey. PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorby anymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,orotherwise,exceptaspermitted underSection107or108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withouteitherthepriorwrittenpermission ofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpaymentoftheappropriateper-copyfeetotheCopyright ClearanceCenter,Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,(978)750-8400,fax(978)646-8600,oronthe webatwww.copyright.com.RequeststothePublisherforpermissionshouldbeaddressedtothePermissions Department,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,(201)748-6011,fax(201)748-6008. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Taylor,StevenJ.,1949– Introductiontoqualitativeresearchmethods:aguidebookandresource/StevenJ.Taylor,RobertBogdan, MarjorieL.DeVault.–4thedition. pagescm Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-1-118-76721-4(cloth)–ISBN978-1-118-767306(epdf)–ISBN978-1-118-76729-0(epub) 1.Socialsciences–Research–Methodology.2.Sociology–Research–Methodology.3.Qualitativeresearch. I.Bogdan,Robert.II.DeVault,MarjorieL.,1950–III.Title. H61.T3852016 001.4′2–dc23 2015013787 Coverdesign:Wiley Coverimage:©iStock/urbancow PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10987654321 During the revision of this book, Steven J. Taylor was diagnosed with terminal cancer. He continued to contribute to and guide thiseditionof Introduction to Qualitative ResearchMethods tothe end.We dedicatethisbook tohimand his legacy. —RobertBogdan andMarjorie L. DeVault Contents Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi P A R T O NE : Amongthe People:Howto Conduct Qualitative Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Chapter1 Introduction:GotothePeople . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 ANoteontheHistoryofQualitativeMethods . . . . . . 4 QualitativeMethodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 TheoryandMethodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Chapter2 ResearchDesignandPre-Fieldwork . . . . . . . . . . . 29 ResearchDesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 SelectingSettings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 ObtainingInstitutionalReviewBoardApproval . . . . . 34 WritingProposals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 AccesstoOrganizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 AccesstoPublicandQuasi-PublicSettings . . . . . . . 46 AccesstoPrivateSettings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 WhatDoYouTellGatekeepersandInformants? . . . . . 49 CollectingDataAboutObtainingAccess . . . . . . . . 51 CovertResearch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 vii viii Contents Chapter3 ParticipantObservation:IntheField . . . . . . . . . . . 54 EnteringtheField . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 NegotiatingYourRole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 EstablishingRapport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Participation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 KeyInformants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 DifficultFieldRelations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 FormingRelationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 FieldTactics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 AskingQuestions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 LearningtheLanguage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 FieldNotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 BoundariesofaStudy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 LeavingtheField . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Triangulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 EthicsintheField . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Chapter4 In-DepthInterviewing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 TheQualitativeInterview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 TypesofInterviewStudies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 ChoosingtoInterview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 SelectingInformants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 ApproachingInformants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 UnderstandingtheInterviewinContext . . . . . . . . . 114 ManagingtheInterviewSituation . . . . . . . . . . . 115 GettingPeopletoTalkAboutWhatIsImportanttoThem . 118 TheInterviewGuide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Probing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Cross-Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 RelationsWithInformants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 RecordingInterviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 GroupInterviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 TheInterviewer’sJournal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Chapter5 Montage:DiscoveringMethods . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Disruptingthe“CommonsenseWorldofEverydayLife”: HaroldGarfinkel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138