Introduction to Programming with Fortran: with coverage of Fortran 90, 95, 2003 and 77

599 Pages·2008·1.37 MB·English

by  Jane Sleightholme

Introduction to Programming with Fortran
Ian D. Chivers and Jane Sleightholme
Introduction to
Programming with
Fortran
With Coverage of Fortran 90, 95, 2003, and 77
Ian D. Chivers, BSc, PGCEd, MSc, MBCS Jane Sleightholme, MSc, MBCS
Rhymney Consulting Kings College London
UK UK
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Control Number: 2005931518
ISBN-10: 1-84628-053-2 eISBN 1-84628-054-0 Printed on acid-free paper
ISBN-13: 978-1-84628-053-5
© Springer-Verlag London Limited 2006
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absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and
regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the
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errors or omissions that may be made.
Printed in the United States of America (MVY)
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Springer Science+Business Media
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Acknowlegement
The material in the book has evolved firstly from our combined experience of
workinginComputingServiceswithintheUniversityofLondonat
• King'sCollege,IDC(1986–2002)andJS(1985todate)
• ChelseaCollege,JS(1978–1985)
• ImperialCollege,IDC(1978–1986)
in the teaching, advice and support of Fortran and related areas, and secondly in
the provision of commercial training courses. The following are some of the or-
ganisationswe'veprovidedtrainingfor:
• AWE,Aldermaston.
• CentreforEcologyandHydrology,Wallingford.
• EnvironmentAgency,Worthing.
• TheMetOffice,BracknellandExeter.
• QinetiQ,Farnborough.
• RollsRoyce,Derby.
• VeritasDGCLtd.,Crawley.
• WestlandHelicopters,Yeovil.
The examples in the book are based on what will work with compilers that support
the Fortran 90 and 95 standards and also support ISO TR 15580 and 15581. At the
time of writing this book there are no compilers that fully support the Fortran 2003
standard.
Thanksaredueto:
• The staff and students at King's College, Chelsea College and Imperial
College.
vi Acknowledgement
• The people who have attended the commercial courses. Its been great fun
teachingyouandthingshavebeenverylivelyattimes.
• The people on the Fortran 90 list and comp.lang.fortran. Access to the ex-
pertise of several hundred people involved in the use and development of
Fortranonadailybasisacrossawiderangeofdisciplinesisinestimable.
• The people at NAG for the provision of the Fortran 95 compilers and Nag
Toolsontheenclosedcd.
• ThestaffandfacilitiesatPTRAssociates. Itisapleasuretrainingthere.
• The patience of our families during the time required to develop the
courses upon which this book is based and whilst preparing the cam-
era-readycopy.
• Finally Rebecca Mowat, Joanne Cooling, Helen Desmond and Beverley
FordatSpringerfortheirenthusiasmandencouragement!
OurKing'shomepageis:
• http://www.kcl.ac.uk/fortran
Alloftheprogramexamplescanbefoundthere.
Ifyouwouldliketocontactusouremailaddressesare:
IanDChivers:[email protected]
JaneSleightholme:[email protected]
Contents
1 Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 IntroductiontoComputerSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1 Thecoreofacomputersystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.1.1 Centralprocessorunit—CPU. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.1.2 Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.1.3 Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2 Othercomponentsofacomputersystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.1 Disks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.2 Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3 Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.4 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.5 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3 IntroductiontoOperatingSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.1 Historyofoperatingsystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.1.1 The1940s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.1.2 The1950s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.1.3 The1960s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.1.4 The1960sand1970s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.1.5 The1970s,1980s,and1990s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.2 Networking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.3 Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.4 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4 IntroductiontoUsingaComputerSystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.1 Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.2 Editors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.3 Single-usersystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.4 Networkedsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.5 Multiusersystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.6 Otherusefulthingstoknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
viii Contents
4.7 CommonmethodsofusingcomputersystemstodevelopFortran
programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.8 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5 IntroductiontoProblemSolving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5.1 Naturallanguage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.2 Artificiallanguage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.2.1 Notations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.3 Resumé . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.4 Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.4.1 Top-down . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.4.2 Bottom-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.4.3 Stepwiserefinement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.4.4 Modularprogramming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.4.5 Objectorientedprogramming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.5 Systemsanalysisanddesign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.5.1 Problemdefinition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.5.2 Feasibilitystudyandfactfinding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.5.3 Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.5.4 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.5.5 Detaileddesign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.5.6 Implementation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.5.7 Evaluationandtesting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.5.8 Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.7 Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.8 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
6 IntroductiontoProgrammingLanguages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
6.1 Someearlytheoreticalwork. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
6.2 Whatisaprogramminglanguage?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
6.3 Programlanguagedevelopmentandengineering . . . . . . . . . . 36
6.4 Theearlydays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
6.4.1 Fortran— TheEarlyDays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
6.4.2 Fortran77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
6.4.3 Cobol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
6.4.4 Algol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
6.5 Chomskyandprogramlanguagedevelopment . . . . . . . . . . . 39
6.6 Lisp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
6.7 Snobol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
6.8 Second-generationlanguages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
6.8.1 PL/1andAlgol68 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
6.8.2 Simula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
6.8.3 Pascal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Contents ix
6.8.4 APL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
6.8.5 Basic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
6.8.6 C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
6.9 Someotherstrandsinlanguagedevelopment. . . . . . . . . . . . 42
6.9.1 Abstraction,stepwiserefinementandmodules . . . . . . . . . . . 42
6.9.2 Structuredprogramming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
6.9.3 Standardisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
6.10 Ada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
6.11 Modula. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
6.12 Modula2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
6.13 Otherlanguagedevelopments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
6.13.1 Logo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
6.13.2 Postscript,TeXandLaTeX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
6.13.3 Prolog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
6.13.4 SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
6.13.5 ICON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
6.14 Objectorientatedprogramming—OOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
6.14.1 OberonandOberon2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
6.14.2 Smalltalk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
6.14.3 C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
6.14.4 Java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
6.14.5 VisualBasic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
6.14.6 C# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
6.15 Fortran90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
6.16 Fortran1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
6.17 ISOtechnicalreportsTR15580andTR15581 . . . . . . . . . . . 52
6.18 Fortran2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
6.19 DTR19767enhancedmodulefacilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
6.20 Internetresources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
6.20.1 Standardsinformation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
6.20.2 Fortrandiscussionlists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
6.20.3 Othersources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
6.21 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
6.22 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
7 IntroductiontoProgramming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
7.1 Languagestrengthsandweaknesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
7.2 Elementsofaprogramminglanguage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
7.2.1 Datadescriptionstatements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
7.2.2 Controlstructures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
7.2.3 Data-processingstatements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
7.2.4 Inputandoutput(I/O)statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
7.3 Variables—name,typeandvalue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
x Contents
7.4 Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
7.5 SomemoreFortranrules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
7.6 Fortrancharacterset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
7.7 Goodprogrammingguidelines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
7.8 Compilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
7.9 Programdevelopment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
7.10 Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
8 Arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
8.1 Roundingandtruncation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
8.2 TimetakenforlighttotravelfromtheSuntoEarth. . . . . . . . . 83
8.3 ThePARAMETERstatement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
8.4 Range,precisionandsizeofnumbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
8.5 Healthwarning:optionalreading,beginnersareadvisedto
leaveuntillater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
8.5.1 SelectingdifferentINTEGERkindtypes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
8.5.2 SelectingdifferentREALkindtypes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
8.5.3 Specifyingkindtypesforliteralintegerandrealconstants. . . . . . 91
8.5.4 Positionalnumbersystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
8.5.5 Bitdatatypeandrepresentationmodel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
8.5.6 Integerdatatypeandrepresentationmodel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
8.5.7 Realdatatypeandrepresentationmodel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
8.5.8 IEEE754. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
8.5.9 Testingthenumericalrepresentationofdifferentkindtypesona
system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
8.5.10 Binaryrepresentationofdifferentintegerkindtypenumbers . . . . 98
8.5.11 Binaryrepresentationofarealnumber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
8.5.12 Summaryofhowtoselecttheappropriatekindtype. . . . . . . . 101
8.6 Variablestatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
8.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
8.8 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
8.9 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
9 Arrays1:SomeFundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
9.1 Tablesofdata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
9.1.1 Telephonedirectory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
9.1.2 Bookcatalogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
9.1.3 Examinationmarksorresults. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
9.1.4 Monthlyrainfall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
9.2 ArraysinFortran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
9.3 TheDIMENSIONattribute. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
9.4 Anindex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
9.5 Controlstructure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
9.6 Monthlyrainfall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Contents xi
9.6.1 Example1:Rainfall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
9.7 People'sweights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
9.7.1 Example2:Settingarraysizewithaparameter . . . . . . . . . . 114
9.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
9.9 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
10 Arrays2:FurtherExamples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
10.1 Varyingthearraysizeatruntime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
10.2 Higher-dimensionarrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
10.2.1 Amap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
10.2.2 Example3:Sensibletabularoutput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
10.2.3 Example4:Averageofthreesetsofvalues . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
10.2.4 Example5:Bookingarrangementsinatheatreorcinema . . . . . 125
10.3 AdditionalformsoftheDIMENSIONattributeandDO
loopstatement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
10.3.1 Example6:Voltagefrom (cid:1)20to+20volts . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
10.3.2 Example7:Longitudefrom (cid:1)180to+180. . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
10.3.3 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
10.4 TheDOloopandstraightrepetition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
10.4.1 Example8:Tableoftemperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
10.4.2 Example9:Meansandstandarddeviations . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
10.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
10.6 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
11 WholeArrayandAdditionalArrayFeatures. . . . . . . . . . . . 133
11.1 Terminology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
11.1.1 Rank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
11.1.2 Bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
11.1.3 Extent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
11.1.4 Size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
11.1.5 Shape. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
11.1.6 Conformable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
11.1.7 Arrayelementordering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
11.2 Wholearraymanipulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
11.2.1 Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
11.2.2 Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
11.3 Arraysections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
11.3.1 Rank1arrayexample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
11.3.2 Rank2arrayexample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
11.4 Arrayconstructors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
11.4.1 Rank1arrayexample—explicitvalues . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
11.4.1.1 Rank1arrayexampleandimpliedDOloop. . . . . . . . . . . . 141
11.4.1.2 Rank1arrayexampleandtheDOT_PRODUCTintrinsic . . . . . 141
11.4.2 Rank1examplewithstepsizeof2inimpliedDOloop . . . . . . 143