Introduction to probability and statistics

777 Pages·2008·8.084 MB·English

by  Mendenhall W., Beaver R., Beaver B.

Area
0 z
TABLE 3 Areas under the Normal Curve, pages 688–689
z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
(cid:1)3.4 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0002
(cid:1)3.3 .0005 .0005 .0005 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0003
(cid:1)3.2 .0007 .0007 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0005 .0005 .0005
(cid:1)3.1 .0010 .0009 .0009 .0009 .0008 .0008 .0008 .0008 .0007 .0007
(cid:1)3.0 .0013 .0013 .0013 .0012 .0012 .0011 .0011 .0011 .0010 .0010
(cid:1)2.9 .0019 .0018 .0017 .0017 .0016 .0016 .0015 .0015 .0014 .0014
(cid:1)2.8 .0026 .0025 .0024 .0023 .0023 .0022 .0021 .0021 .0020 .0019
(cid:1)2.7 .0035 .0034 .0033 .0032 .0031 .0030 .0029 .0028 .0027 .0026
(cid:1)2.6 .0047 .0045 .0044 .0043 .0041 .0040 .0039 .0038 .0037 .0036
(cid:1)2.5 .0062 .0060 .0059 .0057 .0055 .0054 .0052 .0051 .0049 .0048
(cid:1)2.4 .0082 .0080 .0078 .0075 .0073 .0071 .0069 .0068 .0066 .0064
(cid:1)2.3 .0107 .0104 .0102 .0099 .0096 .0094 .0091 .0089 .0087 .0084
(cid:1)2.2 .0139 .0136 .0132 .0129 .0125 .0122 .0119 .0116 .0113 .0110
(cid:1)2.1 .0179 .0174 .0170 .0166 .0162 .0158 .0154 .0150 .0146 .0143
(cid:1)2.0 .0228 .0222 .0217 .0212 .0207 .0202 .0197 .0192 .0188 .0183
(cid:1)1.9 .0287 .0281 .0274 .0268 .0262 .0256 .0250 .0244 .0239 .0233
(cid:1)1.8 .0359 .0351 .0344 .0336 .0329 .0322 .0314 .0307 .0301 .0294
(cid:1)1.7 .0446 .0436 .0427 .0418 .0409 .0401 .0392 .0384 .0375 .0367
(cid:1)1.6 .0548 .0537 .0526 .0516 .0505 .0495 .0485 .0475 .0465 .0455
(cid:1)1.5 .0668 .0655 .0643 .0630 .0618 .0606 .0594 .0582 .0571 .0559
(cid:1)1.4 .0808 .0793 .0778 .0764 .0749 .0735 .0722 .0708 .0694 .0681
(cid:1)1.3 .0968 .0951 .0934 .0918 .0901 .0885 .0869 .0853 .0838 .0823
(cid:1)1.2 .1151 .1131 .1112 .1093 .1075 .1056 .1038 .1020 .1003 .0985
(cid:1)1.1 .1357 .1335 .1314 .1292 .1271 .1251 .1230 .1210 .1190 .1170
(cid:1)1.0 .1587 .1562 .1539 .1515 .1492 .1469 .1446 .1423 .1401 .1379
(cid:1)0.9 .1841 .1814 .1788 .1762 .1736 .1711 .1685 .1660 .1635 .1611
(cid:1)0.8 .2119 .2090 .2061 .2033 .2005 .1977 .1949 .1922 .1894 .1867
(cid:1)0.7 .2420 .2389 .2358 .2327 .2296 .2266 .2236 .2206 .2177 .2148
(cid:1)0.6 .2743 .2709 .2676 .2643 .2611 .2578 .2546 .2514 .2483 .2451
(cid:1)0.5 .3085 .3050 .3015 .2981 .2946 .2912 .2877 .2843 .2810 .2776
(cid:1)0.4 .3446 .3409 .3372 .3336 .3300 .3264 .3228 .3192 .3156 .3121
(cid:1)0.3 .3821 .3783 .3745 .3707 .3669 .3632 .3594 .3557 .3520 .3483
(cid:1)0.2 .4207 .4168 .4129 .4090 .4052 .4013 .3974 .3936 .3897 .3859
(cid:1)0.1 .4602 .4562 .4522 .4483 .4443 .4404 .4364 .4325 .4286 .4247
(cid:1)0.0 .5000 .4960 .4920 .4880 .4840 .4801 .4761 .4721 .4681 .4641
TABLE 3 (continued)
z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
0.0 .5000 .5040 .5080 .5120 .5160 .5199 .5239 .5279 .5319 .5359
0.1 .5398 .5438 .5478 .5517 .5557 .5596 .5636 .5675 .5714 .5753
0.2 .5793 .5832 .5871 .5910 .5948 .5987 .6026 .6064 .6103 .6141
0.3 .6179 .6217 .6255 .6293 .6331 .6368 .6406 .6443 .6480 .6517
0.4 .6554 .6591 .6628 .6664 .6700 .6736 .6772 .6808 .6844 .6879
0.5 .6915 .6950 .6985 .7019 .7054 .7088 .7123 .7157 .7190 .7224
0.6 .7257 .7291 .7324 .7357 .7389 .7422 .7454 .7486 .7517 .7549
0.7 .7580 .7611 .7642 .7673 .7704 .7734 .7764 .7794 .7823 .7852
0.8 .7881 .7910 .7939 .7967 .7995 .8023 .8051 .8078 .8106 .8133
0.9 .8159 .8186 .8212 .8238 .8264 .8289 .8315 .8340 .8365 .8389
1.0 .8413 .8438 .8461 .8485 .8508 .8531 .8554 .8577 .8599 .8621
1.1 .8643 .8665 .8686 .8708 .8729 .8749 .8770 .8790 .8810 .8830
1.2 .8849 .8869 .8888 .8907 .8925 .8944 .8962 .8980 .8997 .9015
1.3 .9032 .9049 .9066 .9082 .9099 .9115 .9131 .9147 .9162 .9177
1.4 .9192 .9207 .9222 .9236 .9251 .9265 .9279 .9292 .9306 .9319
1.5 .9332 .9345 .9357 .9370 .9382 .9394 .9406 .9418 .9429 .9441
1.6 .9452 .9463 .9474 .9484 .9495 .9505 .9515 .9525 .9535 .9545
1.7 .9554 .9564 .9573 .9582 .9591 .9599 .9608 .9616 .9625 .9633
1.8 .9641 .9649 .9656 .9664 .9671 .9678 .9686 .9693 .9699 .9706
1.9 .9713 .9719 .9726 .9732 .9738 .9744 .9750 .9756 .9761 .9767
2.0 .9772 .9778 .9783 .9788 .9793 .9798 .9803 .9808 .9812 .9817
2.1 .9821 .9826 .9830 .9834 .9838 .9842 .9846 .9850 .9854 .9857
2.2 .9861 .9864 .9868 .9871 .9875 .9878 .9881 .9884 .9887 .9890
2.3 .9893 .9896 .9898 .9901 .9904 .9906 .9909 .9911 .9913 .9916
2.4 .9918 .9920 .9922 .9925 .9927 .9929 .9931 .9932 .9934 .9936
2.5 .9938 .9940 .9941 .9943 .9945 .9946 .9948 .9949 .9951 .9952
2.6 .9953 .9955 .9956 .9957 .9959 .9960 .9961 .9962 .9963 .9964
2.7 .9965 .9966 .9967 .9968 .9969 .9970 .9971 .9972 .9973 .9974
2.8 .9974 .9975 .9976 .9977 .9977 .9978 .9979 .9979 .9980 .9981
2.9 .9981 .9982 .9982 .9983 .9984 .9984 .9985 .9985 .9986 .9986
3.0 .9987 .9987 .9987 .9988 .9988 .9989 .9989 .9989 .9990 .9990
3.1 .9990 .9991 .9991 .9991 .9992 .9992 .9992 .9992 .9993 .9993
3.2 .9993 .9993 .9994 .9994 .9994 .9994 .9994 .9995 .9995 .9995
3.3 .9995 .9995 .9995 .9996 .9996 .9996 .9996 .9996 .9996 .9997
3.4 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9998
List of Applications
Business and Economics Paper strength, 274 Creation, 136
Actuaries, 172 Particle board, 574 Defective computer chips, 207
Advertising campaigns, 655 Product quality, 431 Defective equipment, 171
Airline occupancy rates, 361 Property values, 642, 649 Dieting, 322
America’s market basket, 415–416 Raisins, 408–409 Different realities, 327
Assembling electronic equipment, 460 Rating tobacco leaves, 666 Dinner at Gerards, 143
Auto accidents, 328 Real estate prices, 113 Driving emergencies, 72
Auto insurance, 58, 415, 477 School workers, 339–340, 383–384 Elevator capacities, 235
Baseball bats, 286 Service times, 32 Eyeglasses, 135
Bidding on construction jobs, 476–477 Shipping charges, 172 Fast food and gas stations, 197
Black jack, 286 Sports salaries, 59 Fear of terrorism, 46
Brass rivets, 286 Starbucks, 59 Football strategies, 162
Charitable contributions, 102 Strawberries, 514, 521, 533 Free time, 101
Coal burning power plant, 286 Supermarket prices, 659–660 Freestyle swimmers, 409
Coffee breaks, 172 Tax assessors, 416–417 Going to the moon, 259–260
College textbooks, 563–564 Tax audits, 236 Golfing, 158
Color TVs, 638 Teaching credentials, 207–208 Gourmet cooking, 642, 649
Construction projects, 574–575 Telecommuting, 609–610 GPAs, 335
Consumer confidence, 306 Telemarketers, 195 GRE scores, 466
Consumer Price Index, 101–102 Timber tracts, 73 Hard hats, 424
Cordless phones, 124–125 Tuna fish, 59, 73, 90, 397, 407–408, 431, Harry Potter, 196
Corporate profits, 565 461–462 Hockey, 538
Cost of flying, 520–521 Utility bills in southern California, 66, 86 Home security systems, 196
Cost of lumber, 462, 466 Vacation destinations, 217 Hotel costs, 367–368
Deli sales, 274 Vehicle colors, 624 Human heights, 235
Does college pay off?, 362 Warehouse shopping, 477–478 Hunting season, 335
Drilling oil wells, 171 Water resistance in textiles, 475 In-home movies, 244
Economic forecasts, 236 Worker error, 162 Instrument precision, 423–424
e-shopping, 317 Insuring your diamonds, 171–172
Flextime, 362 General Interest Itineraries, 142–143
Fortune 500 revenues, 58 “900” numbers, 307 Jason and Shaq, 157–158
Gas mileage, 475 100-meter run, 136, 143 JFK assassination, 609
Glare in rearview mirrors, 475 9/11 conspiracy, 383 Length, 513
Grant funding, 156 9-1-1, 322 Letterman or Leno, 170–171
Grocery costs, 113 Accident prone, 204 M&M’S, 101, 326–327, 377
Hamburger meat, 85, 234–235, Airport safety, 204 Machine breakdowns, 649
316–317, 361, 399 Airport security, 162 Major world lakes, 43–44
HDTVs, 59, 114, 526 Armspan and height, 513–514, 522 Man’s best friend, 197, 373
Homeschool teachers, 623–624 Art critics, 665–666 Men on Mars, 307
Housing prices, 532–533 Barry Bonds, 93 Noise and stress, 368
Inspection lines, 157 Baseball and steroids, 327 Old Faithful, 73
Internet on-the-go, 46–47 Baseball fans, 327 PGA, 171
Interstate commerce, 176 Baseball stats, 539 Phospate mine, 235
Job security, 212 Batting champions, 32–33 Playing poker, 143
Legal immigration, 306, 334 Birth order and college success, 327 Presidential vetoes, 85
Lexus, Inc., 113–114 Birthday problem, 156 President’s kids, 73–74
Light bulbs, 424 Braking distances, 235 Professor Asimov, 512, 521, 525
Line length, 31–32 Brett Favre, 74, 122, 398 Rating political candidates, 665
Loading grain, 236 Car colors, 196 Red dye, 416
Lumber specs, 286 Cell phone etiquette, 251–252 Roulette, 135, 171
Movie marketing, 376–377 Cheating on taxes, 162 Sandwich generation, 613
MP3 players, 316 Christmas trees, 235 Smoke detectors, 157
Multimedia kids, 306 Colored contacts, 372 Soccer injuries, 157
Nuclear power plant, 286 Comparing NFL quarterbacks, 85, 409 Starbucks or Peet’s, 156–157
Operating expenses, 334 Competitive running, 665 Summer vacations, 306–307
Packaging hamburger meat, 72 Cramming, 144 SUVs, 317
(continued)
List of Applications (continued)
Tennis, 171, 236 Good tasting medicine, 660 Weights of turtles, 638
Tennis racquets, 665 Ground or air, 416 What’s normal?, 49, 86, 317, 323, 362, 368
Time on task, 59 Hazardous waste, 33 Whitefly infestation, 196
Tom Brady, 533 Healthy eating, 367
Tomatoes, 274 Healthy teeth, 407, 416
Social Sciences
Top 20 movies, 33 Heart rate and exercise, 655
Traffic control, 649 Hormone therapy and Alzheimer’s A female president?, 338–339
Traffic problems, 143 disease, 377 Achievement scores, 573–574
Vacation plans, 143 HRT, 377 Achievement tests, 512–513, 545
Walking shoes, 549 Hungry rats, 307 Adolescents and social stress, 381
What to wear, 142 Impurities, 431–432 American presidents, 32
WNBA, 143 Invasive species, 361–362 Anxious infants, 608–609
Jigsaw puzzles, 649–650 Back to work, 17
Lead levels in blood, 642–643 Catching a cold, 327
Life Sciences
Lead levels in drinking water, 367 Choosing a mate, 157
Achilles tendon injuries, 274–275, 362 Legal abortions, 291, 317 Churchgoing and age, 614
Acid rain, 316 Less red meat, 335, 572–573 Disabled students, 113
Air pollution, 520, 525, 565 Lobsters, 398, 538 Discovery-based teaching, 621
Alzheimer’s disease, 637 Long-term care, 613–614 Drug offenders, 156
Archeological find, 47, 65, 74, 409 Losing weight, 280 Drug testing, 156
Baby’s sleeping position, 377 Mandatory health care, 608 Election 2008, 16
Back pain, 196–197 Measurement error, 273–274 Eye movement, 638
Bacteria in drinking water, 236 Medical diagnostics, 162 Faculty salaries, 273
Bacteria in water, 274 Mercury concentration in dolphins, 84–85 Gender bias, 144, 171, 207
Bacteria in water samples, 204–205 MMT in gasoline, 368 Generation Next, 327–328, 380
Biomass, 306 Monkey business, 144 Hospital survey, 143
Birth order and personality, 58 Normal temperatures, 274 Household size, 102, 614
Blood thinner, 259 Ore samples, 72 Images and word recall, 650
Blood types, 196 pH in rainfall, 335 Intensive care, 204
Body temperature and heart rate, 539 pH levels in water, 655 Jury duty, 135–136
Breathing rates, 72, 235 Physical fitness, 499 Laptops and learning, 522, 526
Bulimia, 398 Plant genetics, 157, 372 Medical bills, 196
Calcium, 461, 465–466 Polluted rain, 335 Memory experiments, 417
Calcium content, 32 Potassium levels, 274 Midterm scores, 125
Cancer in rats, 259 Potency of an antibiotic, 362 Music in the workplace, 417
Cerebral blood flow, 235 Prescription costs, 280 Native American youth, 259
Cheese, 539 Pulse rates, 236 No pass, no play rule for athletics, 162
Chemical experiment, 512 Purifying organic compounds, 398 Organized religion, 31
Chemotherapy, 638 Rain and snow, 124 Political corruption, 334–335
Chicago weather, 195 Recovery rates, 643 Preschool, 31
Childhood obesity, 371–372 Recurring illness, 31 Race distributions in the Armed
Cholesterol, 399 Red blood cell count, 32, 399 Forces, 16–17
Clopidogrel and aspirin, 377 Runners and cyclists, 408, 415, 431 Racial bias, 259
Color preferences in mice, 196 San Andreas Fault, 306 Reducing hostility, 460
Cotton versus cucumber, 573 Screening tests, 162–163 Rocking the vote, 317
Cure for insomnia, 372–373 Seed treatments, 208 SAT scores, 195–196, 431, 445
Cure for the common cold, 366–367 Selenium, 322, 335 Smoking and cancer, 157
Deep-sea research, 614 Slash pine seedlings, 475–476 Social Security numbers, 72–73
Digitalis and calcium uptake, 476 Sleep deprivation, 512 Social skills training, 538, 666
Diseased chickens, 613 Smoking and lung capacity, 398 Spending patterns, 609
Disinfectants, 408 Sunflowers, 235 Starting salaries, 322–323, 367
DissolvedO content,397–398,409,461,638 Survival times, 50, 73, 85–86 Student ratings, 665
2
Drug potency, 424 Swampy sites, 460–461, 465, 655 Teaching biology, 322
E. colioutbreak, 205 Sweet potato whitefly, 372 Teen magazines, 212
Early detection of breast cancer, 372 Taste test for PTC, 197 Test interviews, 513
Excedrin or Tylenol, 328 Titanium, 408 Union, yes!, 327
FDA testing, 172 Toxic chemicals, 660 Violent crime, 161–162
Fruit flies, 136 Treatment versus control, 376 Want to be president?, 16
Geothermal power, 538–539 Vegi-burgers, 564–565 Who votes?, 373
Glucose tolerance, 466 Waiting for a prescription, 609 YouTube, 566
How Do I Construct a Stem and Leaf Plot? 20 How Do I Calculate Probabilities for the Sample Mean x(cid:1)?
How Do I Construct a Relative Frequency Histogram? 27 268
How Do I Calculate Sample Quartiles? 79 How Do I Calculate Probabilities for the Sample
Proportionpˆ? 277
How Do I Calculate the Correlation Coefficient? 111
How Do I Calculate the Regression Line? 111 How Do I Estimate a Population Mean or Proportion?
303
What’s the Difference between Mutually Exclusive and
How Do I Choose the Sample Size? 331
Independent Events? 153
Rejection Regions, p-Values, and Conclusions 355
How Do I Use Table 1 to Calculate Binomial Probabilities?
How Do I Calculate b? 360
190
HowDoICalculatePoissonProbabilitiesUsingtheFormula? How Do I Decide Which Test to Use? 432
198 How Do I Know Whether My Calculations Are Accurate?
How Do I Use Table 2 to Calculate Poisson Probabilities? 459
199
How Do I Make Sure That My Calculations Are Correct?
How Do I Use Table 3 to Calculate Probabilities under the 508
Standard Normal Curve? 228
How Do I Determine the Appropriate Number of Degrees
How Do I Calculate Binomial Probabilities Using the
of Freedom? 606, 611
Normal Approximation? 240
Index of Applet Figures
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 8
Figure 1.17 Building a Dotplot applet
Figure 8.10 Interpreting Confidence Intervals applet
Figure 1.18 Building a Histogram applet
Figure 1.19 Flipping Fair Coins applet CHAPTER 9
Figure 1.20 Flipping Fair Coins applet Figure 9.7 Large Sample Test of a Population Mean
applet
CHAPTER 2
Figure 9.9 Power of a z-Test applet
Figure 2.4 How Extreme Values Affect the Mean
and Median applet CHAPTER 10
Figure 2.9 Why Divide n(cid:1)1? Figure 10.3 Student’s tProbabilities applet
Figure 2.19 Building a Box Plot applet Figure 10.5 Comparing tandzapplet
Figure 10.9 Small Sample Test of a Population Mean
CHAPTER 3
applet
Figure 3.6 Building a Scatterplot applet
Figure 10.12 Two-Sample tTest: Independent Samples
Figure 3.9 Exploring Correlation applet
applet
Figure 3.12 How a Line Works applet
Figure 10.17 Chi-Square Probabilities applet
CHAPTER 4 Figure 10.21 FProbabilities applet
Figure 4.6 Tossing Dice applet
CHAPTER 11
Figure 4.16 Flipping Fair Coins applet
Figure 11.6 FProbabilities applet
Figure 4.17 Flipping Weighted Coins applet
CHAPTER 12
CHAPTER 5
Figure 12.4 Method of Least Squares applet
Figure 5.2 Calculating Binomial Probabilities applet
Figure 12.7 tTest for the Slope applet
Figure 5.3 Java Applet for Example 5.6
Figure 12.17 Exploring Correlation applet
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 14
Figure 6.7 Visualizing Normal Curves applet
Figure 14.1 Goodness-of-Fit applet
Figure 6.14 Normal Distribution Probabilities applet
Figure 14.2 Chi-Square Test of Independence applet
Figure 6.17 Normal Probabilities and z-Scores applet
Figure 14.4 Chi-Square Test of Independence applet
Figure 6.21 Normal Approximation to Binomial
Probabilities applet
CHAPTER 7
Figure 7.7 Central Limit Theorem applet
Figure 7.10 Normal Probabilities for Means applet
a
t
a
TABLE 4
df t t t t t df
Critical Values .100 .050 .025 .010 .005
of t 1 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.657 1
page 691 2 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 2
3 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 3
4 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 4
5 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 5
6 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 6
7 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 7
8 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 8
9 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 9
10 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 10
11 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 11
12 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 12
13 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 13
14 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 14
15 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947 15
16 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 16
17 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898 17
18 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 18
19 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 19
20 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845 20
21 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 21
22 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 22
23 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 23
24 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797 24
25 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 25
26 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779 26
27 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 27
28 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 28
29 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756 29
(cid:2) 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 (cid:2)
SOURCE: From “Table of Percentage Points of the t-Distribution,”Biometrika32 (1941):300. Reproduced
by permission of the BiometrikaTrustees.
Introduction to
Probability and Statistics
13th EDITION
William Mendenhall
University of Florida, Emeritus
Robert J. Beaver
University of California, Riverside, Emeritus
Barbara M. Beaver
University of California, Riverside
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Preface
Every time you pick up a newspaper or a magazine, watch TV, or surf the Internet, you
encounter statistics. Every time you fill out a questionnaire, register at an online web-
site, or pass your grocery rewards card through an electronic scanner, your personal
information becomes part of a database containing your personal statistical informa-
tion. You cannot avoid the fact that in this information age, data collection and analy-
sis are an integral part of our day-to-day activities. In order to be an educated consumer
and citizen, you need to understand how statistics are used and misused in our daily
lives. To that end we need to “train your brain” for statistical thinking—a theme we
emphasize throughout the thirteenth edition by providing you with a “personal trainer.”
THE SECRET TO OUR SUCCESS
The first college course in introductory statistics that we ever took used Introduction to
Probability and Statisticsby William Mendenhall. Since that time, this text—currently
in the thirteenth edition—has helped several generations of students understand what
statistics is all about and how it can be used as a tool in their particular area of applica-
tion. The secret to the success of Introduction to Probability and Statisticsis its ability
to blend the old with the new. With each revision we try to build on the strong points
of previous editions, while always looking for new ways to motivate, encourage, and
interest students using new technological tools.
HALLMARK FEATURES OF THE
THIRTEENTH EDITION
The thirteenth edition retains the traditional outline for the coverage of descriptive and
inferential statistics. This revision maintains the straightforward presentation of the
twelfth edition. In this spirit, we have continued to simplify and clarify the language
and to make the language and style more readable and “user friendly”—without sacri-
ficing the statistical integrity of the presentation. Great effort has been taken to “train
your brain” to explain not only how to apply statistical procedures, but also to explain
• how to meaningfully describe real sets of data
• what the results of statistical tests mean in terms of their practical applications
• how to evaluate the validity of the assumptions behind statistical tests
• what to do when statistical assumptions have been violated