Introduction to Politics Second Canadian Edition

503 Pages·2016·24.335 MB·English

by  Robert Garner, Peter Ferdinand, Stephanie Lawson, David B. MacDonald

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1
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It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
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Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries.
Published in Canada by
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Copyright © Oxford University Press Canada 2017
The moral rights of the authors have been asserted
Database right Oxford University Press (maker)
First Canadian Edition published in 2013
Introduction to Politics was originally published in English in 2009 by Oxford University Press Great Clarendon Street, Oxford,
England, 0X2 6DP, with the ISBN 9780199231331. This adapted edition has been customized for Canada only and is published by
arrangement with Oxford Publishing Limited. It may not be sold elsewhere. Oxford University Press Canada is solely responsible for
this adaptation from the original work. Copyright © Robert Garner, Peter Ferdinand, Stephanie Lawson 2009
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Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication
Garner, Robert, 1960-, author
Introduction to politics / Robert Garner, Peter Ferdinand,
Stephanie Lawson, and David MacDonald. – Second Canadian
edition.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-19-902173-4 (paperback)
1. Political science – Textbooks. 2. International relations –
Textbooks. I. Lawson, Stephanie, author II. Ferdinand, Peter, author
II. MacDonald, David B., 1973-, author IV. Title.
JA66.G37 2016 320 C2016-904359-2
Cover image: Rachel Husband/Getty Images
Oxford University Press is committed to our environment.
Wherever possible, our books are printed on paper which comes from
responsible sources.
Printed and bound in the United States of America
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Contents v
Contents Overview
List of Boxes xiv
List of Tables xvii
About the Authors xxiv
IntroductIon What Is Politics and How Should We Analyze It? 1
Part I | Political Concepts and Ideas 17
Introduction 17
chapter 1 Politics and the State 19
chapter 2 Political Power, Authority, and the State 40
chapter 3 Democracy and Our Relationship to the State 55
chapter 4 Freedom and Justice 71
chapter 5 Traditional and Western Ideologies 87
chapter 6 Alternatives to the Mainstream Western Ideologies 108
Part II | Comparative Politics 133
Introduction 133
chapter 7 Institutions and States 135
chapter 8 Key Elements of the State: Laws, Constitutions, and Federalism 160
chapter 9 Legislatures and Legislators 183
chapter 10 Bureaucracies, Policymaking, and Governance 205
chapter 11 Voting, Elections, and Political Parties 218
chapter 12 Civil Society, Interest Groups, and the Media 238
chapter 13 Political Culture 261
Part III | International Relations 281
Introduction 281
chapter 14 Sovereignty, the State, and International Order 283
chapter 15 Traditional Theories of International Relations 303
chapter 16 Alternative Approaches to International Relations 322
chapter 17 Security and Insecurity 342
chapter 18 Diplomacy and Foreign Policy 362
chapter 19 International Organizations 383
chapter 20 International Political Economy 404
conclusIon 425
Glossary 433
References 439
Index 459
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vi Contents
Detailed Contents
List of Boxes xiv
List of Tables xvii
Publisher’s Preface xviii
About the Authors xxiv
Acknowledgements xxvi
Introduction What Is Politics and How Should We Analyze It? 1
Chapter Outline 1
Chapter Overview 1
Why Is Politics So Hard to Define? 2
Is Politics Unavoidable? 3
Political Questions 4
Boundaries of the Political: State, Society, and the International Community 6
The Study of Politics 9
The Rise and Fall of Normative Analysis 9
Empirical and Semantic Analysis 11
Deductive and Inductive Theories of Politics 12
Can Politics Be a Science? 14
Conclusion 15
Key Questions 15
Further Reading 15
Web Links 16
Part onE | Political Concepts and Ideas 17
Introduction 17
chapter 1 Politics and the State 19
Chapter Outline 19
Chapter Overview 19
The Political Importance of the State 20
A Typology of the State 20
Theories of the State 23
The Role of the State: What Should the State Do? 31
The Future of the State 36
Conclusion 38
Key Questions 38
Further Reading 38
Web Links 39
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Contents vii
chapter 2 Political Power, Authority,
and the State 40
Chapter Outline 40
Chapter Overview 40
Power and Authority 41
Conceptual Questions about Power 44
Power and Theories of the State 46
Pluralism and Lukes’s Three Dimensions of Power 47
Interests and Power 51
Socialism and Power 52
Conclusion 54
Key Questions 54
Further Reading 54
Web Link 54
chapter 3 Democracy and Our Relationship
to the State 55
Chapter Outline 55
Chapter Overview 55
What Is Democracy? 56
Historical Background 59
Competing Theories of Democracy 62
Deliberative Democracy 64
Why Is Democracy Thought to Be Special? 66
Is Democracy Special? The Problem of Majority Rule 67
Cosmopolitan Democracy 68
Conclusion 69
Key Questions 70
Further Reading 70
Web Links 70
chapter 4 Freedom and Justice 71
Chapter Outline 71
Chapter Overview 71
Constraints on Freedom 72
Negative and Positive Freedom 74
Is Freedom Special? 75
The Meaning of Justice 79
Rawls’s Theory of Justice 80
Critiques of Rawls 81
Alternative Theories of Justice 82
Conclusion 85
Key Questions 85
Further Reading 85
Web Links 86
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viii Contents
chapter 5 Traditional and Western Ideologies 87
Chapter Outline 87
Chapter Overview 87
What Is an Ideology? 88
Liberalism 89
Socialism 91
Conservatism 95
Nationalism 99
Fascism 102
Anarchism 105
Conclusion 106
Key Questions 106
Further Reading 106
Web Links 107
chapter 6 Alternatives to the Mainstream Western Ideologies 108
Chapter Outline 108
Chapter Overview 108
Postmodernism 110
Feminism 112
Environmentalism 118
Multiculturalism 122
Religious Fundamentalism 127
Conclusion 130
Key Questions 131
Further Reading 131
Web Links 132
Part tWo | Comparative Politics 133
Introduction 133
chapter 7 Institutions and States 135
Chapter Outline 135
Chapter Overview 135
Understanding Institutions: Informal and Formal 136
States 139
The Rise of the European State 140
The Spread of the European State Model 142
The Modern State 148
The Democratic State 154
Conclusion 158
Key Questions 158
Further Reading 158
Web Links 159
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Contents ix
chapter 8 Key Elements of the State: Laws,
Constitutions, and Federalism 160
Chapter Outline 160
Chapter Overview 160
Law and Politics 161
Constitutions 165
Fundamental Rights 168
Constitutional Courts and Judicial Review 170
Legal Adjudication of Political Problems 171
Federalism, Consociational Democracy, and Asymmetrical Decentralization 173
Conclusion: The Legalization of Political Life 178
Key Questions 180
Further Reading 181
Web Links 181
chapter 9 Legislatures and Legislators 183
Chapter Outline 183
Chapter Overview 183
The Functions of Legislatures 184
Types of Legislatures 197
The Structure of Legislatures 198
Legislators 201
Conclusion 202
Key Questions 203
Further Reading 204
Web Links 204
chapter 10 Bureaucracies, Policymaking,
and Governance 205
Chapter Outline 205
Chapter Overview 205
The Civil Service 206
“Embedded Autonomy” 209
Theories of Bureaucratic Policymaking 209
“Agencification” 212
Governance 213
Policy Communities, “Iron Triangles,” and Issue Networks 214
Conclusion: Toward a Network State? 216
Key Questions 217
Further Reading 217
Web Links 217
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x Contents
chapter 11 Voting, Elections, and Political
Parties 218
Chapter Outline 218
Chapter Overview 218
The Voting Paradox 219
Elections 220
Political Parties 222
Emergence of Parties 224
Functions of Parties 226
Party Systems 230
Problems Facing Parties 232
Conclusion 236
Key Questions 236
Further Reading 236
Web Links 237
chapter 12 Civil Society, Interest Groups,
and the Media 238
Chapter Outline 238
Chapter Overview 238
Civil Society 239
Interest Groups 245
Modern Corporatism 247
Infrapolitics and Subaltern Studies: The State Viewed
from Below 248
The Impact of the Media 251
The Challenge of New Technologies 253
Conclusion 258
Key Questions 259
Further Reading 259
Web Links 260
chapter 13 Political Culture 261
Chapter Outline 261
Chapter Overview 261
Civic Culture and Political Culture 262
Challenges to the Concept of Political Culture 264
The Persisting Significance of Political Culture 273
Conclusion 278
Key Questions 278
Further Reading 279
Web Links 279
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Contents xi
Part tHrEE | International Relations 281
Introduction 281
chapter 14 Sovereignty, the State, and International
Order 283
Chapter Outline 283
Chapter Overview 283
Discipline, Definitions, and Subject Matter 284
States and International Systems in World History 288
The Rise of Modernity and the State System in Europe 295
The Emergence of Sovereignty 296
The Globalization of the Sovereign State System 299
Conclusion 301
Key Questions 301
Further Reading 301
Web Links 302
chapter 15 Traditional Theories of International
Relations 303
Chapter Outline 303
Chapter Overview 303
Liberalism and the Rise of International Relations 304
The Realist Turn 308
Behaviouralism versus Normative Analysis 313
The English School and the Idea of International
Society 314
Neoliberalism and Neorealism 317
Conclusion 320
Key Questions 320
Further Reading 321
Web Links 321
chapter 16 Alternative Approaches to International
Relations 322
Chapter Outline 322
Chapter Overview 322
Socialism 323
Critical Theory 324
Constructivism 327
Feminism and Gender Theory 329
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