Introduction to Personality and Psychotherapy

896 Pages·1981·17.705 MB·English

by  Joseph F. Rychlak

INTRODUCTION TO
Personality and
Psychotherapy
A TIIEORY-CONSTRUCTION
APPROACH
Houghton Mifflin Company
Boston
DALLAS GENEVA, ILLINOIS
HOPEWELL, NEW JERSEY
PALO ALTO LONDON
INTRODUCTION TO
Personality and
Psychotherapy
A TIIEORY-CONSTRUCTION
APPROACH SECOND EDITION
Joseph F. Rychlak
PURDUE UNIVERSITY
TO LENORE Acknowledgment is made for permission to reprint the
following materials:
From Principles of Behavior Modification by Albert Ban
dura. Copyright © 1969 by Holt, Rinehart and Winston,
Inc. Reprinted by permission of Holt, Rinehart and
Winston.
From Albert Bandura, Aggression: A Social Analysis, ©
1973. Reprinted by permission of Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
From Albert Bandura, Social Learning Theory, © 1977.
Reprinted by permission of Prentice-Hall Inc.; Engle
wood Cliffs, N.J.
From B. F. Sk,inner: Tu Man and His Ideas by Richard
I. Evans, Copyright © 1969 by Richard I. Evans. Re
printed by permission of the publisher, E. P. Dutton.
From /ean Piaget: The Man and His Ideas by Richard I.
Evans, translated by Eleanor Duckworth, Copyright ©
1973 by Richard I. Evans. Reprinted by permission of
the publisher, E. P. Dutton.
From The Collected Work,s of C. G. /ung, trans. R. F. C.
Hull, Bollingen Series XX. Vol. 7: Two Essays on
Analytical Psychology, Copyright 1953, © 1966 by
Princeton University Press; Vol. 8: The Structure and
Dynamics of the Psyche, copyright © 1960, 1969 by
Princeton University Press; Vol. 16: The Practice of Psy
chotherapy, copyright 1954, © 1966 by Princeton Uni
versity Press. Excerpts reprinted by permission.
From The Psychology of Personal Constructs, Volumes
One and Two, by George A. Kelly, Ph.D. Reprinted with
the permission of W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Copy
right 1955 by George A. Kelly.
From Counseling and Psychotherapy, by Carl R. Rogers,
Houghton Mi.fllin Company, 1942, 1970. Reprinted by
Copyright© 1981, 1973 by Houghton Mifflin Company. permission of the publisher and Constable & Company.
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be repro From Client-Centered Therapy, by Carl R. Rogers,
duced or transmitted in any form or by any means, elec Houghton Mifflin Company, 1951, 1979. Reprinted by
tronic or mechanical, including photocopying and record permission of the publisher and Constable & Company.
ing, or by information storage or retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publisher. From On Becoming a Person, © 1961 Carl R. Rogers.
Reprinted by permission of Houghton Mi.fllin Company
Printed in the U .S.A. and Constable & Company.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: Specified material from Carl Rogers on Encounter Groups
80-68141 by Carl R. Rogers, Ph.D. Copyright @ 1970 by Carl R.
Rogers. Reprinted by permission of Harper & Row,
ISBN: 0-395-29736-2 Publishers, Inc., and Penguin Books Ltd.
Contents
Introduction
Outline of Important Theoretical Constructs
AF ramework for the 35
Study of Personality Notes .36
1
Part I
What Is Personality? 1 Mixed Kantian-Lockean
What Is a Cause? 2
Models in Classical
What Does Meaning Mean? 6
What Is a Scientific Explanation? 9 Psychoanalysis
Are All Theories Written from the
Same Meaningful Perspective? 20 Chapterl
Why Do We Believe in a Theory? 24
The Beginnings
What Is the Point of Studying
of Psychoanalysis:
Theories Which Have Not Been
Completely Validated? 26 Sigmund Freud
39
What Is Psychotherapy and Why Is It
Relevant to Personality Study? 27
The Plan of the Book 30 Biographical Overview 39
Personality Theory 31 The Breuer Period 42
Structural Constructs • Motivational Personality Theory 43
Constructs • Time-Perspective Constructs· Structural Constructs 43
Individual-Differences Constructs Dualism of Mind versus Body • The Early
Psychopathology and Psychotherapy 31 Mental Structural Constructs: Depth
Theory of Illness· Theory of Cure· Emphasis • The Final Mental Structural
Therapeutic Techniques Constructs: Dynamic Emphasis
Theory-Construction Questions 32
Summaries, Chapter Outlines,
and Glossary 32
Summary 33
vi Contents
Motivational Constructs 51 Chapter2
Instinct and Energy • Freud's Promethean
The Individual Psychology
Insight: The Sexual Instinct • History of
of Alfred Adler
Freud's Instinct Theories • Defense Mecha 116
nisms or Mental Mechanisms
Time-Perspective Constructs 62
Medical-Physical Models of Human Behavior
Psychosexual Stages • Oral Psychosexual
116
Stage • Anal Psychosexual Stage • Urethral
Hippocrates (c. 400 B.c.) 116
Psychosexual Stage • Phallic Psychosexual
Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828) 117
Stage • Latency Psychosexual Stage
Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) 118
Pubescence and Adolescence • Adulthood
Cesare Lombroso (1836-1909) 119
and Genitality • Fixation and Regression
Ernst Kretschmer (1888-1964) 119
Individual-Differences Constructs 76
Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926) 120
Adult Character or Personality Styles • Oral
William H. Sheldon (1899- ) 120
Personality • Anal Personality • Urethral
Modern Trends in Biochemistry and Psycho-
Personality • Phallic Personality • Latency,
pharmacology 122
Adolescent, and Genital Personalities
Psychopathology and Psychotherapy 80 Biographical Overview 123
Theory of Illness 80 Personality Theory 126
Antithetic Ideas and Counterwill • Coitus Structural Constructs 126
Interruptus and Childhood Molestation • Dualism, Holism, and the "Law of Move
Three-Stage Compromise Model of Mental ment" • Goal Orientation in All P;ychic
Illness • Differential Diagnosis • Anxiety Living • Style of Life • The Meaning of
Theory • Culture as a Prime Agent of Individual: Subjectivity and Uniqueness
Abnormality Motivational Constructs 132
Theory of Cure 93 Adler's Early Use of Organic Constructs •
The Role of Insight • Fundamental Rule Compensation • Adler's Shift from Organic
of Psychoanalysis, and Free Association • to Sociopsychological Explanation • The
Resistance and Transference • Final Theory Role of Feelings in Motivation • From
of Cure • Extent and Permanence of Overcoming to Fulfilling Compensation •
Cure • Social Revision The Growing Reliance on Darwinian
Therapeutic Techniques 102 Evolution • Moralistic Tones in Adlerian
Evolution of the Relationship • View of Psychology • Defense Mechanisms or
Therapeutic Change • Client Prognosis •and Mental Mechanisms
Trial Analyses • Interpretative Techniques Time-Perspective Constructs 144
in Dreams and Parapraxes • Some Proce Growth and the Three Problems of Life •
dural Details Family Constellation and Birth Order • The
Summary 108 Roles of the School and Teacher in Matura
Outline of Important Theoretical Constructs tion • Adolescence • Adulthood and Old
111 Age
Notes 113 Individual-Differences Constructs 151
Three Types of Women Who Flee
Femininity • Two Approaches to Prob
lem Solution • Two Styles of Failing in
Life • Three Types of Children Likely
Contents vii
to Overcompensate • Four Approaches to Pubertal Period • Youth • Middle Life •
Reality • The Various Types of Complexes Old Age • Immaturity Rather than Fixation
Psychopathology and Psychotherapy 153 Individual-Differences Constructs 211
Theory of Illness 153 Basic Functions of the Psyche • Introversion
Achilles Heel and Psychological-Tension versus Extraversion and the Psychological
Theory • Psychic Hermaphrodism and Types • Transcendental Function and the
Neurotic-Reversal Tendencies • Falsehood, Mana Personality • Individual as Collective
Fictions, and Life Lies • Diagnostic Dis Identity • Male versus Female Psychology
tinctions in Individual Psychology Psychopathology and Psychotherapy 221
Theory of Cure 159 Theory of Illness • Incompatible Opposites,
Some General Considerations • The Role Complex Formation, and Assimilation
of Insight • The Role of the Therapist Dissociation • Role of Morals, Evasion, and
Client Relationship • The Role of Social Denial • Meaning Creation and Symbols
Factors in Illness • Neurosis versus Psychosis
Therapeutic Techniques 162 Theory of Cure 227
The Strategy of the Relationship • The Growth, Balance, and Symbolic Assimilation
Technique of Comparison • Early Recol of Opposites· The Stages of Psychotherapy•
lections • Dreams • Gamesmanship Self hood and Individuation via the
Tactics • Some Procedural Details Transcendental Function • Symbols of
Summary 168 Transformation in Mythology, Religion,
Outline of Important Theoretical Constructs and Alchemy • Mental Health and Modern
171 Times
Notes 173 Therapeutic Techniques 246
Dialectical Equality in the Relationship •
Hermeneutic Techniques of Amplification
and Active Imagination • Insight, Symbols
Chapter3
and the Strategy of Interpretation • Some
The Analytical Psychology
Procedural Details
of CarlJung Summary 253
116
Outline of Important Theoretical Constructs
256
Biographical Overview 176 Notes 258
Personality Theory 180
Structural Constructs 180
Dualism of Mind versus Body • Psyche as
Chapter4
a Region • The Adhesive Model of Psychic
Structure • The Stylized-Meaning-Expres Theory-Construction
sion Model Issues in Classical
Motivational Constructs 195
Psychoanalysis
Instinct and Energy • The Principle of 261
Opposites • Complex Formation • Psychic
Determinism: Causality versus Synchro
How Is Behavior Determined? 262
nicity • Adjustment Mechanisms
Physical versus Psychic Determinism •
Time-Perspective Constructs 208
Presexual Period • Prepubertal Period •
viii Contents
Hard versus Soft Determinism • Conscious and Personifications • Interpersonal Rela
versus Unconscious Determinism tions, Personality, and Responsive Situa
How Is Behavior Changed? 268 tionism • Modes of Experience, Language,
Project for a Scientific Psychology • Syn and Awareness • The Dynamisms of
chronicity • Insight Personality
Can the Mind-Body Problem Motivational Constructs 338
Be Solved? 279 Needs as Energy Transformations in
According to Psychoanalysis, How Does Mind Situational Integration • Emotion, Security,
"Work"? 284 Satisfaction, and Anxiety • Defensive
Dialectical Alternatives • Will and Free Maneuvers, Self-Esteem, and the Socializa
Will • Unconscious Teleology tion Process • The Adjustment Mech
What Motives to Therapy Are Primary in Psy anisms
choanalysis? 305 Time-Perspective Constructs 347
Scholarly Motive • Ethical Motive • Infancy: From Birth to the Maturation of
Curative Motive Language Capacity • Childhood: From
Summary 314 Language to the Maturation of the Need
Outline of Important Theoretical Constructs for Playmates • /uvenile Era: From Play
317 mates to the Maturation of the Need for
Notes 318 Isophilic Intimacy • Preadolescence: From
Isophilic Intimacy to the Maturation of the
Genital-Lust Dynamism • Early Adoles
cence: From Genital Lust to the Patterning
Part II
of Lustful Behavior • Late Adolescence
Lockean Models
and Maturity
in American Psychiatry Individual-Differences Constructs 352
Psychopathology and Psychotherapy 354
and Behaviorism
Theory of lllness 354
The General Theory of Abnormal Be
havior • The Role of Social Factors • The
Symptoms of Mental Disorder • The Syn
Chalter5
drome of Schizophrenia • Other Clinical
An American" Psychology:
Syndromes
The Interpersonal Theory Theory of Cure 362
of Harry Stack Sullivan The Nature of Mental Health • The Role
323
of Insight • Expansion of Self • Social
Factors in Therapeutic Change
Biographical Overview 323 Therapeutic Techniques 364
Personality Theory 327 The Two-Group Relationship and Psycho
Structural Constructs 327 therapy • The Psychiatric-Interview Series •
Mind versus Body and the Organizing Role Dream Analysis and Miscellaneous
of Pattern • The Patterning of Dynamisms Factors
Summary 369
Outline of Important Theoretical Constructs
372
Notes 374
Contents ix
Chapter6 sight • Relationship Factors • Normal
Behavior
Behavioral Learning
Therapeutic Techniques 422
in Personality
The Selection of Patients • Free Associa
and Psychotherapy: tion, Interpretation, and Therapeutic
Dollard and Miller Suppression • The Termination of Therapy
377
Summary 425
Outline of Important Theoretical Constructs
Historical Overview of Learning Theory and 428
Behaviorism 377 Notes 430
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936) 377
Edward L. Thorndike (1874-1949) 378
John B. Watson (1879-1958) 379 Chapter7
Edward Chace Tolman (1886-1961) 381 From the Laboratory to
Clark Leonard Hull (1884-1952) 382
the Consulting Room:
Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1904- ) 384
Skinner, Wolpe, Stampfl,
Biographical Overview 386
Personality Theory 389 and Bandura
432
Structural Constructs 389
Behavioral Monism and Mental Activities •
The Fundamental Organization of Behavior: The Technique of Operant Conditioning:
Attachments, Stimuli, and Responses • B. F. Skinner 433
Responses Become Stimuli: Mediation, Biographical Overview 433
Labeling, and Language • Freudian Struc Theoretical Considerations 441
tural Constructs as Learning-Theory Terms Theory of Illness and Cure • Individual
Motivational Constructs 395 Treatment Cases • The Therapeutic Com
The Nature of Drive, Motivation, and Re munity and Social Revision • Verbal Con
inforcement • The Role of Imitation in ditioning as Psychotherapy
Human Learning • Frustration and Con Techniques Based on the Principle of Recip
flict in Human Behavior • Freudian Adiust rocal Inhibition: Joseph Wolpe 447
ment Mechanisms as Learning-Theory Biographical Overview 447
Terms Theoretical Considerations 449
Time-Perspective Constructs 406 Learning Theory and the Principle of
The Feeding Situation • Cleanliness Train Reciprocal Inhibition • Theory of Illness
ing • Early Sex Training • Training in and Cure • Three Steps in Behavior
Anger Control • Age Grading, Fixation, Therapy • Assertive Training • Systematic
and Regression Desensitization • Aversion Therapy • The
Individual-Differences Constructs 411 Role of Reciprocal Inhibition in All Forms
Psychopathology and Psychotherapy 412 of Psychotherapy
Theory of Illness 412 The Technique of Implosive Therapy:
The Stupidity-Misery-Symptom Cycle • Thomas G. Stampft 461
Differential Diagnosis in Learning-Theory Biographical Overview 461
Terms
Theory of Cure 416
Psychotherapy as the Teaching of Labels
and Discriminations • The Nature of In-
x Contents
Theoretical Considerations 464 Kantian Interpretations of Cognition • Non
Learning Theory and the Principle of telic Interpretations of Free Will in Psy
Experimental Extinction • Theory of Ill chology
ness and Cure • The Steps of Implosive What Are the Implications of the Findings on
Therapy • Some Final Considerations "Awareness in Conditioning" for the Study of
Eclectic Behaviorism in Social-Learning Theory: Personality? 539
Albert Bandura 474 Are There Any Dialectical Themes Hidden
Some Problems with the Concept of Away in Behavioristic Writings or Empirical
Rein/o rcement Researches? 544
Biographical Overview 47 7 What Motives to Psychotherapy Are Primary in
Theoretical Considerations 47 9 the Empirico-Behavioristic Tradition? 548
The Eclectic Behaviorist • Vicarious Learn Scholarly Motive • Curative Motive •
ing as Modeling or Observational Learning • Ethical Motive
Reinforcement as an Informational and Summary 557
Motivational Process • Self-Regulation as Outline of Important Theoretical Constructs
a Mediational Process • Theory of Illness 560
and Cure Notes 561
Summary 493
Outline of Important Theoretical Constructs
497
Part III
Notes 498
Kantian Models in the
Phenomenological Outlook
Chapters
Theory Construction in
Chapter9
the Empirico-Behavioristic
Applied Phenomenology:
Tradition
500 The Client-Centered
Psychology of
If We Predict and/or Control the Course of Carl R. Rogers
565
Behavior, Does This Mean We Necessarily
Understand It? 501
Principles of Falsification and Verifiability • Background Factors in Rogerian Thought 565
Lawfulness and the Function Construct • Edmund Husser! (1859-1938) 565
Theory-Method Confusions • Personality The Gestalt Psychologists: Max Wertheimer
Tests (1880-1943), Wolfgang Kohler (1887-1967),
How Well Does Behavioristic Theory Account and Kurt Koffka, (1886-1941) 567
for Mind and Human Agency? 519 Kurt Lewin (1890-1947) 571
The Impossibility of Subsuming One Causal Otto Rank (1884-1939) 574
Meaning by Another • Lockean versus Biographical Overview of Carl R. Rogers 576
Personality Theory 581
Structural Constructs 581
Mind-Body, Phenomenal Subjectivity, and
the Wisdom of Organic Evidence • The