Introduction to optical components

201 Pages·2018·14.01 MB·English

by  Aggarwal

Introduction to Optical
Components

Introduction to Optical
Components

Roshan L. Aggarwal
Kambiz Alavi
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed on acid-free paper
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8153-9291-0 (Hardback)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-3511-8951-4 (eBook)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts
have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume
responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers
have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize
to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material
has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced,
transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or
hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage
or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.
com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood
Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and
registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the
CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are
used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Aggarwal, R. L. (Roshan Lal), 1937- author. | Alavi, Kambiz, author.
Title: Introduction to optical components / Roshan L. Aggarwal and Kambiz
Alavi.
Description: First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis
Group, 2018. | “A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a
member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa
plc.” | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017049572| ISBN 9780815392910 (hardback : acid-free paper)
| ISBN 9781351189514 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Optical instruments--Equipment and supplies. | Optical
materials.
Classification: LCC TS513 .A44 2018 | DDC 620.1/1295--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017049572
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Dedication
Printed on acid-free paper
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8153-9291-0 (Hardback)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-3511-8951-4 (eBook)
This book is dedicated to our parents (Chet Ram Aggarwal and
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts
have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume Lila Vati Aggarwal, and Seyed Mohammed Kazem Alavi and Bibi
responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers
have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize Ozra Nadji Alavi), our spouses (Pushap Lata Aggarwal and Homa
to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material
Rahmani-Khezri Alavi), and our children (Rajesh Aggarwal and
has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Achal Aggarwal, and Maysa Alavi, Tara Alavi, and Kiana Alavi).
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced,
transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or
hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage
or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.
com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood
Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and
registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the
CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are
used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Aggarwal, R. L. (Roshan Lal), 1937- author. | Alavi, Kambiz, author.
Title: Introduction to optical components / Roshan L. Aggarwal and Kambiz
Alavi.
Description: First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis
Group, 2018. | “A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a
member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa
plc.” | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017049572| ISBN 9780815392910 (hardback : acid-free paper)
| ISBN 9781351189514 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Optical instruments--Equipment and supplies. | Optical
materials.
Classification: LCC TS513 .A44 2018 | DDC 620.1/1295--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017049572
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com

Contents
Preface.......................................................................................................................xi
Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................xiii
Authors .....................................................................................................................xv
Chapter 1 Lenses ...................................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction ...............................................................................1
1.2 Materials ....................................................................................4
1.3 Imaging ......................................................................................5
1.4 Aberrations ................................................................................5
1.4.1 Chromatic Aberration ..................................................6
1.4.2 Spherical Aberration ....................................................6
1.4.3 Coma ............................................................................7
1.4.4 Astigmatism .................................................................8
1.4.5 Field Curvature ...........................................................10
1.4.6 Distortion ....................................................................10
1.5 Magnifier .................................................................................11
1.6 Objectives ................................................................................12
1.7 Eyepieces .................................................................................12
1.8 Camera Lenses ........................................................................13
1.8.1 Fixed Focal Length Camera Lenses ...........................14
1.8.2 Zoom Lenses ..............................................................14
1.8.3 Telephoto Lenses ........................................................15
1.8.4 Cell Phone Camera Lenses.........................................15
1.9 Other Lenses ............................................................................15
1.10 Homework Problems ...............................................................15
Chapter 2 Mirrors ...............................................................................................19
2.1 Introduction .............................................................................19
2.2 Plane Mirrors ...........................................................................22
2.3 Spherical Mirrors ....................................................................26
2.4 Parabolic Mirrors ....................................................................28
2.5 Hyperbolic Mirrors ..................................................................30
2.6 Ellipsoidal Mirrors ..................................................................32
2.7 Mirror Aberrations ..................................................................33
2.8 Homework Problems ...............................................................33
Chapter 3 Diffraction Gratings ...........................................................................35
3.1 Introduction .............................................................................35
3.2 Ruled Gratings .........................................................................37
vii
viii Contents
3.3 Holographic Gratings ..............................................................40
3.4 Multilayer Dielectric Gratings .................................................41
3.5 Homework Problems ...............................................................42
Chapter 4 Polarizers ............................................................................................43
4.1 Introduction .............................................................................43
4.2 Birefringent Linear Polarizers .................................................44
4.2.1 Nicol Calcite Prism Linear Polarizer .........................44
4.2.2 Glan-Thompson Calcite Prism Linear Polarizer ........45
4.2.3 Glan-Taylor Calcite Prism Linear Polarizer ...............45
4.2.4 Wollaston Calcite Prism Linear Polarizer ..................46
4.2.5 Rochon Calcite Prism Linear Polarizer......................47
4.2.6 Senarmont Calcite Prism Linear Polarizer ................47
4.3 Dichroic Linear Polarizers ......................................................48
4.3.1 HN Polaroid Sheet Linear Polarizers .........................48
4.3.2 HR Polaroid Sheet Linear Polarizers .........................48
4.3.3 Polarcor Glass Linear Polarizer .................................49
4.4 Reflective Linear Polarizers ....................................................49
4.4.1 Brewster Window Polarizer .......................................49
4.4.2 Brewster Pile-of-Plates Linear Polarizer ....................50
4.4.3 Wire-Grid Linear Polarizer ........................................51
4.5 Circular Polarizers ...................................................................51
4.5.1 Fresnel Rhomb Circular Polarizer..............................51
4.5.2 Quarter-Wave Plate Circular Polarizer .......................53
4.6 Jones Matrix Algebra ..............................................................53
4.7 Homework Problems ...............................................................55
Chapter 5 Optical Windows ................................................................................57
5.1 Introduction .............................................................................57
5.2 UV Windows ...........................................................................59
5.3 VIS and NIR Windows............................................................61
5.4 IR Windows .............................................................................65
5.5 AR Coating Materials .............................................................68
5.6 Homework Problems ...............................................................69
Chapter 6 Optical Filters .....................................................................................71
6.1 Introduction .............................................................................71
6.2 Colored Glass Filters ...............................................................71
6.3 Dielectric Filters ......................................................................75
6.4 Neutral Density Filters ............................................................83
Contents ix
6.5 Raman Filters ..........................................................................84
6.6 Homework Problems ...............................................................86
Chapter 7 Beamsplitters ......................................................................................89
7.1 Introduction .............................................................................89
7.2 Plate Beamsplitters ..................................................................89
7.2.1 Non-Polarizing Beamsplitters ....................................90
7.2.2 Dichroic Beamsplitters ...............................................93
7.2.3 Polka Dot Beamsplitters .............................................95
7.3 Cube Beamsplitters .................................................................96
7.3.1 Non-Polarizing Cube Beamsplitters...........................96
7.3.2 Polarizing Cube Beamsplitters ...................................97
7.4 Pellicle Beamsplitters ..............................................................97
7.5 Homework Problems ...............................................................98
Chapter 8 Light Sources ....................................................................................101
8.1 Introduction ...........................................................................101
8.2 Thermal Sources ....................................................................101
8.3 Gas-Discharge Lamps ...........................................................103
8.4 Light-Emitting Diodes ...........................................................104
8.5 Lasers .....................................................................................107
8.5.1 Diode Lasers .............................................................108
8.5.2 Quantum Well Lasers ...............................................108
8.5.3 Gas Lasers ................................................................108
8.5.4 Optically Pumped Solid-State Lasers ......................112
8.5.5 Dye Lasers ................................................................113
8.5.6 Chemical and Metal-Vapor Lasers ...........................114
8.5.7 Fiber Lasers ..............................................................115
8.6 Homework Problems .............................................................115
Chapter 9 Light Detectors .................................................................................117
9.1 Introduction ...........................................................................117
9.2 Thermal Detectors .................................................................117
9.2.1 Bolometers ................................................................117
9.2.2 Thermocouples .........................................................119
9.2.3 Pyroelectric Detectors ..............................................119
9.3 Photon Detectors ...................................................................119
9.3.1 Photoconductive Detectors .......................................120
9.3.2 Photovoltaic Detectors..............................................121
9.3.3 Avalanche Photodiodes ............................................122