Introduction to Naval Architecture

338 Pages·1982·18.47 MB·English

by  Thomas C. Gillmer

Introduction to
Naval Architecture
Introduction to
Naval Architecture
BY THOMAS C. GILLMER AND BRUCE JOHNSON
LONDON
E. & F. N. SPON
First published in Great Britain 1982
by E. & F. N. Spon Ltd, 11 Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE
Copyright © 1982
by the United States Naval Institute
Annapolis, Maryland
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced
without written permission from the publisher.
ISBN-13: 978-94-011-6041-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-011-6039-1
DOl: 10.1007/978-94-011-6039-1
Cover computer graphics courtesy of Diane Burton
Contents
Preface ix 3-6 Hydrostatic Parameters 55
3-7 Hydrostatic Curves (Curves of
Acknowledgments xi Form) 56
Symbols and Abbreviations xiii Chapter 4 Properties of Shipbuilding Materials 60
Chapter 1 Ships Categorized 1 4--1 Stress and Strain 60
4--2 Elastic and Plastic Deformation:
1-1 Introduction 1
The Relationship Between Stress
1-2 Ships Typed According to Means
and Strain 64
of Physical Support 1
4--3 Other Material Properties and Their
1-3 Other Criteria 6
Measurement 67
1-4 The Systems Approach 11
4--4 Ship Hull Materials 70
Chapter 2 Engineering Fundamentals in Ship De
Chapter 5 The Strength and Structure of Ships 76
sign 13
5-1 Strength 76
2-1 Introduction to Mechanics 13
5-2 Beams and Load Classifica
2-2 Introduction to Statics: Vectors and
tion 77
Scalars 14
5-3 Load and Reaction Analysis in
2-3 Resolution of Forces Into Com
Beams 78
ponents 16
5-4 Load, Shear, and Bending-Mo
2-4 Forces, Moments, and Cou
ment Diagrams 78
ples 17
5-5 Longitudinal Bending Moments
2-5 Static Equilibrium 21
and Strength Curves for Ships 81
2-6 Analysis of Distributed Quan
5-6 Flexure Stresses in Beams: The
tities 23
Neutral Axis 87
2-7 Second Moment of Area: Moment
5-7 Structural Stresses Within a Ship
of Inertia 26
90
2-8 Hydrostatics 29
5-8 Means of Determining Ship's
2-9 Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged
Strength Curves 92
Surfaces 30
5-9 Structure 96
Chapter 3 Ship Gedmetry and Hydrostatics 37 5-10 Basic Structure of Naval Subma
rines 106
3-1 Ship Geometry 37
3-2 Form Coefficients 42
Chapter 6 Ship Hydrostatics and Initial Stability 111
3-3 Ship Forms 47
3-4 Planing Hulls 50 6--1 Equilibrium and Stability 111
3-5 Origin and Design of Ship Form 6--2 Metacentric Height: A Measure of
52 Initial Stability 112
vi CONTENTS
6-3 Righting Arm 114 Chapter 10 Ship Hazards and Vulnerability: Damaged
6-4 Initial Stability: The Computation Stability 180
of the Metacentric Radius and the
10--1 Introductory Concepts 180
Location of M 115
10--2 Criteria for Subdivision of Naval
6-5 Initial Stability: The Effect of
Vessels 183
Changes in the Center of Grav
10--3 Grounding and Stranding 190
ity 119
10-4 Structural Impairment and Shock
6-6 Conditions of Equilibrium in an
Phenomena 192
Inclined Position 122
10--5 Weight Control on Naval Ves
6-7 Docking 124
sels 192
6-8 Free Surface 126
10--6 Free Communication with the Sea
6-9 Determination of the Center of
194
Gravity: The Inclining Experi
ment 131
Chapter 11 Ship Resistance and Powering 202
Chapter 7 Longitudinal Stability and Trim 136
11-1 Introduction to Hydrodynam
7-1 Trim 136 ics 202
7-2 Longitudinal Initial Stability 136 11-2 Steam Propulsion 202
7-3 Moment to Change Trim 137 11-3 Froude's Experiments and the Law
7-4 Change in Drafts, Fore and Aft, of Comparison 204
as a Result of Trim Changes 139 11-4 Dimensional Analysis and Dy-
7-5 Effect of Weight Addition/Re namic Similitude 206
moval on Draft and Trim '141 11-5 Wave-Making Resistance 208
11-6 Frictional Resistance 213
Chapter 8 General Stability at Large Angles of 11-7 Other Resistance Factors 218
Heel 146 11-8 Effective Horsepower 219
11-9 Current Practice in EHP Model
8-1 Initial Stability and Range of Sta
Testing 219
bility 146
8-2 Overall Stability 146
8-3 Vertical Correction for Position of Chapter 12 Propellers and Propulsion Systems 230
G 150
12-1 Introduction 230
8-4 Transverse Correction for Position
12-2 Propelling Devices 231
of G 152
12-3 Propulsion Efficiency 242
8-5 Metacentric Height and Stability
12-4 Operational Factors Relating to
Curves 154
Power 244
8-6 Common Stability Characteris
12-5 Resistance and Powering Charac
tics 155
teristics of Submersibles 246
8-7 General-Stability Diagram 156
12-6 Power Sources: The Designer's
8-8 Free-Surface Correction at Large
Choice 249
Angles of Heel 158
8-9 Stability Criteria 164
Chapter 13 Ship Motions in a Seaway 254
Chapter 9 Submarine Hydrostatics, Stability, and
13-1 Introduction 254
Trim 167
13-2 Water in Motion 254
9-1 Definitions 167 13-3 Wind-Generated Waves 257
9-2 Hydrostatics and Stability of Sub 13-4 Descriptions of Irregular
mersibles 169 Waves 258
9-3 Diving, Surfacing, and Their Ef 13-5 Ship Motions 260
fect on Transverse Stability 172 13-6 Analysis of Uncoupled Ship Mo
9-4 Longitudinal Stability and Trim tions 262
Control 174 13-7 Roll Motions 265
9-5 Factors Affecting Practical Sub 13-8 Pitching and Heaving 267
marine Statics 176 13-9 Yawing 268
9-6 The Equilibrium Polygon 177 13-10 Motion-Damping Devices 269
CONTENTS vii
Chapter 14 Maneuverability and Ship Control 274 Appendix A Table of Fresh- and Saltwater Proper
ties 289
14-1 The Ship's Rudder 274
14-2 Control Surface Definitions 274
14-3 Area and Shape of Rudders 275 Appendix B Numerical Integration Techniques in Ship
14-4 Factors Affecting Steering 279 Design 291
14-5 Forces on a Ship 281
14-6 Directional Control Systems at Low Appendix C Conversion Table and SI Unit Pre
Speeds 283 fixes 297
14-7 Measurements of Maneuvering
Performance: Model Tests and Full Glossary 299
Scale Trials 284
14-8 Dynamic Control of Subma
References 317
rines 286
14-9 Control by Automation: Its Im
pact on Design 287 Index 319
Preface
This textbook has been prepared to satisfy the educa The text does not attempt to exhaust the subject of
tional requirements of the Naval Systems Engineering naval architecture. The general design of merchant ships,
Department at the U.S. Naval Academy. The depart cargo-handling equipment, and habitability systems, as
ment offers two third-class (sophomore-level) courses well as costing and contracting, computer-aided ship
that teach engineering fundamentals of naval architec design, ship construction, launching, trials preparation,
ture, especially those connected with naval ship design. and delivery are omitted from the text. These subjects
A four-semester-hour course, Naval Engineering I, is are extensively covered in a SNAME publication, Ship
taught to most of the non-engineering majors at the Design and Construction, to which this book frequently
Naval Academy whose background includes chemistry, refers.
physics, and mathematics through differential equa The text makes extensive use of material from Mod
tions. Because these students have not had the engi ern Ship Design by Professor Thomas Gillmer. Profes
neering fundamentals courses, this textbook contains a sor Bruce Johnson has contributed a considerable amount
brief summary of engineering statics (chapter 2), en of new material, including example problems.
gineering materials (chapter 4), strength of materials Because of the desired 1982 publication date, there
(chapter 5), and fluid mechanics (chapter 11). was insufficient time to convert existing material to dual
A three-semester-hour course, Introduction to Naval English-metric units. This will be accomplished for the
Systems Engineering, is taught to majors in ocean en second edition of the book. The symbols generally con
gineering and marine engineering to give them a back form to those adopted by the International Towing Tank
ground in naval architecture and to acquaint them with Conference (ITTC) and the International Ship Struc
aspects of engineering design early in the curriculum. tures Conference (ISSC), except in those cases where
It is hoped that this text will satisfy the requirements symbols have not yet been standardized or where cer
of other institutions that cover this subject matter at tain symbols have been chosen for pedagogical reasons.
the sophomore level. Engineering majors can skip sec Professor Johnson is currently responsible for updating
tions of chapters 2, 4, and 5, if they have already had the international standard symbol list as a member of
courses covering this material, in order to complete the Information Committee for the Nineteenth ITTC,
most of the book during a three-semester-hour course. which will meet in 1984.
Acknowledgments
The authors are greatly indebted to a number of people 5), Mr. Robert Batman of the Naval Sea Systems Com
for their encouragement, support, and cooperation dur mand (chapter 9), Mr. John Hill (chapters 11 and 12),
ing the preparation of this text. The idea was suggested and Mr. Howard Chatterton (chapters 13 and 14). For
by Dr. Peter Wiggins when he was Chairman of the his assistance in the selection of homework problems
Naval Systems Engineering Department. The authors and in checking the accuracy of answers, special thanks
are grateful to the members of the textbook committee are due to Lieutenant Commander Dennis Jones.
for the Naval Academy's core engineering course on The authors acknowledge the support and encour
ships, EN 200, for their help in developing the outline agement of the Naval Institute staff, especially Mr.
of the text. Special appreciation is extended to Lieu Richard Hobbs, who guided the project, Ms. Constance
tenant Commander Edward Schaefer, the chairman of Buchanan, who carefully edited the manuscript, and
this committee, who contributed to the development of Ms. Beverly Baum and Ms. Cynthia Taylor, who co
several equations in addition to reviewing the entire ordinated the layout and artwork. The authors also ac
manuscript. Discussions with Dr. Roger Compton and knowledge the assistance of Mrs. Dorothy Johnson
committee members Commander Edward Carlson and throughout the project.
Dr. Bruce Nehrling were helpful in developing some of Much of the basic material in this text is borrowed
the ideas presented in the text. from the source book Modern Ship Design by Thomas
Critical reviews of portions of the manuscript were C. Gillmer. The authors are indebted to those who
supplied by Dr. John Ince (chapters 1-10), Dr. Robert cooperated with him in the two editions of that volume,
Pond (chapter 4), Mr. Robert Peach (chapters 4 and which is still in print today.
Symbols and Abbreviations
The following symbols are considered the most appli b -span ofa control surface (perpendicular to
cable and convenient notations for use by a student of direction of flow)
naval architecture. In most cases, they conform to the b -mean span of a control surface
standard usages approved by the Society of Naval Ar C -model-ship correlation allowance
A
chitects and Marine Engineers and the International C -block coefficient, V/LBT
B
Towing Tank Conferences. In certain instances, minor CD -drag coefficient, DIVzpAv2
deviations to avoid duplication are considered more C -frictional-resistance coefficient, RP/1f2pSV2
F
advantageous for use in this text. Numerical subscripts ClL -longitudinal-waterplane inertia coefficient,
following a symbol denote successive locations, pro 12IdVB
gressions, or values of the basic symbol. CIT -transverse-waterplane inertia coefficient,
12IrlLB3
A -area, in general C -lift coefficient, L/1f2pAv2
L
AM -area, midships section C -midship section coefficient, AMIBT
M
Ao -area of propeller disk Cp -prismatic coefficient, VIAxL
Ap -projected area of a foil or propeller disk CR -residual-resistance coefficient, RRfI/2pSV2
Aw -area, waterplane Cs -wetted-surface coefficient, Sl7rBL
Ax -area, maximum transverse section C -total-resistance coefficient, Rrl1f2pSV2
T
AP -after perpendicular Cv -viscous-resistance coefficient, RvP/2pSV2
AR -aspect ratio, hie CvP -vertical prismatic coefficient, VIAwT
AF -distance from after perpendicular to center Cw -wavemaking-resistance coefficient, R~1f2pSv2
of flotation CwP -waterplane-area coefficient, A~LB
A G -distance from assumed center of gravity to Cx -maximum-transverse-section coefficient,
actual center of gravity Axl(BT)x
AZ -horizontal distance from assumed center of c -chord of a control surface (parallel to direc-
gravity to Z tion of flow)
c
a -area (generally a small area within a system) -mean chord of a control surface
a -linear acceleration c -damping coefficient
B -beam or breadth, molded, of a ship c -distance from neutral axis to extreme fiber
B -position of center of buoyancy Cw -celerity or phase velocity of a wave
Bl(etc.) -changed position of the center of buoyancy CL(¢) -centerline
BHP -brake horsepower D -drag force
BM -transverse metacenter above center of buoy D -diameter, generally
ancy (metacentric radius) D -molded depth of a ship hull
BML -longitudinal metacenter above center of DWL -designed load waterline
buoyancy (longitudinal metacentric radius) DWT -deadweight tons
b -width of a compartment or tank dx -increment of length along an axis (also dy,
b -center of buoyancy of an added buoyant layer dz, dA, etc.)