Introduction to Nanotechnology: The New Science of Small

182 Pages·2012·2.602 MB·English

by  Shana Kelley, Ted Sargent

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Professors Shana Kelley and Ted Sargent
University of Toronto
Professor Shana Professor Ted
Kelley is a Professor Sargent holds
in the Division the Canada
of Biomolecular Research Chair in
Sciences at the Nanotechnology
Leslie Dan Faculty at the University
of Pharmacy of Toronto.
at the University
of Toronto.
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Shana Kelley, Ph.D.
Professor, Division of Biomolecular Sciences,
Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Toronto
P
rofessor Shana Kelley, Ph.D. is a researcher,
academic leader, and entrepreneur based in
Toronto. She leads a team of 20 scientists
and graduate students conducting research in
the area of bionanotechnology. Professor Kelley
received her B.S. degree from Seton Hall University in 1994 and her Ph.D.
in Chemistry from the California Institute of Technology in 1999. She was
a National Institutes of Health postdoctoral fellow at The Scripps Research
Institute, where she was trained in molecular biology. Dr. Kelley began her
academic career at Boston College in 2000 as an assistant professor and was
promoted directly to full professor in 2006. She joined the University of
Toronto that same year.
Professor Kelley has also cofounded 2 companies based on her work in
biomolecular sensing. GeneOhm Sciences Inc. was a San Diego–based
company acquired in 2006 by Becton Dickinson, which now markets the tests
for antibiotic-resistant organisms that GeneOhm developed. Xagenic Inc. is
a Toronto-based company that will commercialize a chip-based detection
technology recently codeveloped by Professor Kelley and collaborator Ted
Sargent, Ph.D. Professor Kelley currently serves as Chief Technology Offi cer
of Xagenic.
Professor Kelley’s research has been disseminated in leading scientifi c
journals, including Science, Nature Materials, Nature Nanotechnology, and
Nature Structural and Molecular Biology. She has published 70 original
scientifi c papers and 10 reviews of her work, and her discoveries have been
cited by other researchers more than 3000 times. Her work has been featured
in Scientifi c American and Nature Medicine and on national television.
i
Dr. Kelley’s work has been recognized with a variety of awards, including
a 2010 E. W. R. Steacie Memorial Fellowship, an elite honor given to up
to 6 Canadian scientists each year by the Natural Sciences and Engineering
Research Council of Canada for research excellence. She was honored among
Canada’s top young leaders in 2009 and named to MIT’s Technology Review
list of the top 100 innovators in 2004. She has also received a National
Science Foundation CAREER Award, a Sloan Research Fellowship, and a
Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Award. ■
ii
Ted Sargent, Ph.D.
Professor and Canada Research Chair
in Nanotechnology
University of Toronto
P
rofessor Ted Sargent, Ph.D. is a researcher,
academic leader, and entrepreneur based
in Toronto. Since 2009, Professor Sargent
has served as Associate Chair for Research in The
Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering at the University of Toronto. From 2004 to 2006, he
was also Visiting Professor of Nanotechnology at the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology. He received his B.S. in Engineering Physics from Queen’s
University in 1995 and his Ph.D. in Electrical and Computer Engineering
(Photonics) from the University of Toronto in 1998.
Professor Sargent leads a team of 25 scientists and graduate students
conducting research in the area of nanotechnology. His research has been
disseminated in Nature, Science, Nature Materials, Nature Nanotechnology,
and Nature Photonics. His discoveries have been cited by other researchers
more than 3500 times, and his work has been featured in The Economist, The
New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, Scientifi c American, and Nature
Medicine. He is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement
of Science and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
Professor Sargent is the author of The Dance of Molecules: How
Nanotechnology Is Changing Our Lives, which has been translated into
Korean, French, Italian, Spanish, and Arabic. Professor Sargent has
addressed broad audiences on nanotechnology and its implications, notably
at the Technology, Entertainment, Design (TED) Conference in 2007 in
Monterey, California; on Parliament Hill in Ottawa; and at corporate, venture,
and policy conferences around the world. In 2003, Professor Sargent was
named to MIT’s Technology Review list of top innovators under 35. He was
also named to the 2005 Scientifi c American 50, an annual list “recognizing
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outstanding leaders in science and technology,” for his contributions to
fl exible infrared solar cells.
Based on inventions developed at the University of Toronto, Professor
Sargent founded InVisage Technologies Inc. in 2006. The fi rm won The Wall
Street Journal 2010 Technology Innovation Award in the semiconductors
category for revolutionizing the capture of digital images using its patented
QuantumFilm technology. InVisage is partnering for manufacture with
Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, the world’s largest
semiconductor foundry, and will ship its image sensors in smartphones.
Professor Sargent serves as Chief Technology Offi cer and is a Director
of InVisage. ■
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Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION
Professors’ Biographies .......................................................................i
Course Scope .....................................................................................1
LECTURE GUIDES
LECTURE 1
The Crossroads of 21st-Century Science ............................................4
LECTURE 2
The Fundamental Importance of Being Nano...................................11
LECTURE 3
From Micro to Nano—Scaling in a Digital World ..............................18
LECTURE 4
Leveraging the Nanometer in Computing .........................................24
LECTURE 5
Leveraging the Nanometer in Communications ...............................31
LECTURE 6
Sensing the World through Nanoengineering ...................................38
LECTURE 7
Nanomedicine—DNA and Gold Nanoparticles .................................45
LECTURE 8
Nano and Proteins—Enzymes to Cholesterol ..................................51
LECTURE 9
Nanoparticles Detect Cancer in Living Organisms ...........................58
LECTURE 10
Detecting Only a Few Molecules of a Disease .................................65
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Table of Contents
LECTURE 11
Nanomaterials That Seek and Destroy Disease ...............................72
LECTURE 12
How Nanomaterials Improve Drug Delivery .....................................79
LECTURE 13
Delivering Drugs with “Smart” Nanocapsules ...................................85
LECTURE 14
Nanoscale Surgical Tools .................................................................91
LECTURE 15
Nanomaterials for Artifi cial Tissue ....................................................98
LECTURE 16
How Nano Research Gets Done ....................................................104
LECTURE 17
Nanomotifs—Building Blocks, Complex Structures ........................111
LECTURE 18
Using Nanotechnology to Capture Sunlight....................................118
LECTURE 19
Photons to Electricity—Nano-Based Solar Cells ............................124
LECTURE 20
Nanotechnology for Storing Energy................................................130
LECTURE 21
Nanotechnology for Releasing Energy ...........................................136
LECTURE 22
Energy’s Holy Grail—Artifi cial Photosynthesis ...............................142
LECTURE 23
Nanorobots and Nature’s Nanomachines .......................................149
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Table of Contents
LECTURE 24
On the Horizon and in the Far Future .............................................155
SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL
Bibliography ....................................................................................161
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