Introduction to Nanophotonics

485 Pages·2010·7.313 MB·English

by  Gaponenko S.V.

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Introduction to Nanophotonics
Nanophotonicsiswherephotonicsmergeswithnanoscienceandnanotechnology,andwhere
spatial confinement considerably modifies light propagation and light–matter interaction.
Describing the basic phenomena, principles, experimental advances and potential impact
ofnanophotonics,thisgraduate-leveltextbookisidealforstudentsinphysics,opticaland
electronicengineeringandmaterialsscience.
Thetextbookhighlightspracticalissues,materialpropertiesanddevicefeasibility,and
includesthebasicopticalpropertiesofmetals,semiconductorsanddielectrics.Mathematics
iskepttoaminimumandtheoreticalissuesarereducedtoaconceptuallevel.Eachchapter
endsinproblemssoreaderscanmonitortheirunderstandingofthematerialpresented.
Theintroductoryquantumtheoryofsolidsandsizeeffectsinsemiconductorsisconsid-
ered to give a parallel discussion of wave optics and wave mechanics of nanostructures.
The physical and historical interplay of wave optics and quantum mechanics is traced.
Nanoplasmonics,anessentialpartofmodernphotonics,isalsoincluded.
Sergey V. GaponenkoisHead ofthe Laboratory forNano-optics at the Stepanov Insti-
tute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. He is also Chairman of the
AssociationofLasersandOpticsandVice-presidentoftheLaserAssociation.

Introduction to Nanophotonics
Sergey V. Gaponenko
NationalAcademyofSciences,Belarus
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo
Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521763752
© S. Gaponenko 2010
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the
provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part
may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published in print format 2010

ISBN-13 978-0-521-76375-2 Hardback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy
of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication,
and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,
accurate or appropriate.
ToOlga

Contents
Preface pagexiii
Notations and acronyms xv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Lightandmatteronananometerscale 1
1.2 Whatisnanophotonics? 2
1.3 Wherearethephotonsinnanophotonicsandinthisbook? 3
References 4
Part I Electrons and electromagnetic waves
in nanostructures
2 Basicpropertiesofelectromagneticwavesandquantumparticles 9
2.1 Wavelengthsanddispersionlaws 9
2.2 Densityofstates 13
2.3 MaxwellandHelmholtzequations 16
2.4 Phasespace,densityofstatesanduncertaintyrelation 18
2.5 WavefunctionandtheSchro¨dingerequation 20
2.6 Quantumparticleincomplexpotentials 22
Problems 32
References 34
3 WaveopticsversuswavemechanicsI 35
3.1 IsomorphismoftheSchro¨dingerandHelmholtzequations 35
3.2 Propagationoverwellsandbarriers 37
3.3 Dielectricfunctionoffreeelectrongasandopticalpropertiesofmetals 51
3.4 Propagationthroughapotentialbarrier:evanescentwavesandtunneling 54
3.5 Resonanttunnelinginquantummechanicsandinoptics 65
3.6 Multiplewellsandbarriers:spectralsplitting 70
3.7 Historicalcomments 73
Problems 76
References 77
4 Electronsinperiodicstructuresandquantumconfinementeffects 79
4.1 Blochwaves 79
4.2 ReciprocalspaceandBrillouinzones 84
viii Contents
4.3 Electronbandstructureinsolids 86
4.4 Quasiparticles:holes,excitons,polaritons 89
4.5 DefectstatesandAndersonlocalization 93
4.6 Quantumconfinementeffectsinsolids 97
4.7 Densityofstatesfordifferentdimensionalities 99
4.8 Quantumwells,quantumwiresandquantumdots 100
Problems 107
References 107
5 Semiconductornanocrystals(quantumdots) 110
5.1 Fromatomtocrystal 110
5.2 Particle-in-a-boxtheoryofelectron–holestates 112
5.3 Quantumchemicaltheory 118
5.4 Synthesisofnanocrystals 120
5.5 Absorptionspectra,electron–holepairstatesandmany-bodyeffects 125
5.6 Luminescence 130
5.7 Probingthezero-dimensionaldensityofstates 133
5.8 Quantumdotmatter 133
5.9 Applications:nonlinearoptics 139
5.10 Applications:quantumdotlasers 142
5.11 Applications:novelluminophoresandfluorescentlabels 148
5.12 Applications:electro-opticalproperties 155
Problems 157
References 158
6 NanoplasmonicsI:metalnanoparticles 166
6.1 Opticalresponseofmetals 166
6.2 Plasmons 174
6.3 Opticalpropertiesofmetalnanoparticles 179
6.4 Size-dependentabsorptionandscattering 187
6.5 Couplednanoparticles 191
6.6 Metal–dielectriccore–shellnanoparticles 192
Problems 195
References 196
7 Lightinperiodicstructures:photoniccrystals 199
7.1 Thephotoniccrystalconcept 199
7.2 Blochwavesandbandstructureinone-dimensionallyperiodicstructures 200
7.3 Multilayerslabsinthreedimensions:bandstructureandomnidirectional
reflection 207
7.4 Bandgapsandbandstructuresintwo-dimensionallattices 210
7.5 Bandgapsandbandstructureinthree-dimensionallattices 213
7.6 Multiplescatteringtheoryofperiodicstructures 215
7.7 Translationtootherelectromagneticwaves 216