Introduction to Mineralogy and Petrology

429 Pages·2020·27.536 MB·English

by  Swapan Kumar Haldar

Introduction to Mineralogy and Petrology
Introduction to Mineralogy
and Petrology
Second Edition
S.K. Haldar
The Mining Geological and Metallurgical Institutes (MGMI) Kolkata,
West Bengal, India
The Indian Geological Congress (IGC)
Elsevier
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Contents
Abouttheauthor xi 2.5.1 NationalAeronauticsandSpace
Preface xiii Administration,USA 89
Listofacronyms xv 2.5.2 RoscosmosStateCorporationfor
SpaceActivities,Russiaand
1. Minerals and rocks 1 SovietSpaceProgram,USSR 89
2.5.3 EuropeanSpaceAgency,Europe 93
1.1 Introduction 1
2.5.4 IndianSpaceResearch
1.2 Importanceofminerals,rocks,
Organisation,India 93
andsoilstosociety 1
2.5.5 ChinaNationalSpace
1.3 Minerals 6
Administration,China 94
1.3.1 Nonmetallicminerals 7
2.5.6 JapanAerospaceExploration
1.3.2 Metallicminerals 27
Agency,Japan 94
1.4 Rocks 44
2.5.7 IsraelSpaceAgency,Israel 95
1.5 Mineralresources 50
2.6 Statusofspaceexplorationand
References 51
potentialforfuturemineral
explorationinspace 95
2. Extraterrestrial systems 53
2.6.1 Mercury 95
2.6.2 Venus 95
2.1 Introduction 53
2.6.3 Earth 96
2.2 Definition 54
2.6.4 Mars 99
2.2.1 Universe 54
2.6.5 Jupiter 100
2.2.2 Galaxy 55
2.6.6 Saturn 101
2.2.3 Stars 55
2.6.7 Uranus 102
2.2.4 Planetsandplanetarysystems 56
2.6.8 Neptune 102
2.2.5 Satellites 56
2.7 Techniquesformineralexplorationin
2.2.6 Comets 56
space 102
2.2.7 Asteroids 57
2.7.1 Spaceexplorationsampling 102
2.2.8 Meteoritesandstardust 58
2.7.2 Spacesample-returnmission 105
2.3 TheSun 59
2.7.3 Spaceresources 105
2.3.1 SolarSystem 60
2.8 Spaceminingandprocessingof
2.3.2 OriginoftheSolarSystem 60
resources 106
2.4 Planetaryformation:physicaland
2.9 Sumup 106
chemicalaspects 61
References 107
2.4.1 Mercury 62
2.4.2 Venus 63
2.4.3 Earth 64
3. Basic mineralogy 109
2.4.4 Mars 72
2.4.5 Jupiter 75 3.1 Introduction 109
2.4.6 Saturn 78 3.2 Internalstructureofcrystalsandtheir
2.4.7 Uranus 82 properties 110
2.4.8 Neptune 85 3.2.1 Crystallizedandamorphoussolid
2.4.9 Dwarfplanet 87 minerals 110
2.5 Spaceexploration(programs 3.2.2 Formationofminerals 111
andagencies) 89 3.2.3 Crystallattice 111
vii
viii Contents
3.2.4 Crystallographicaxes,thecrystal 5.3.1 Mineralcompositionofintrusive
planes,andelementsofcrystal igneousrocks 169
symmetry 113 5.3.2 Extrusiveigneousrocks 180
3.2.5 Crystalsystems,crystalforms,single 5.3.3 Veinsigneousrocks 185
crystal,andcrystaltwinning 114 References 186
3.3 Chemicalandphysicalpropertiesof
minerals 117 6. Sedimentary rocks 187
3.3.1 Chemicalpropertiesofminerals 117
6.1 Function,significance,classification,
3.3.2 Physicalpropertiesofminerals 117
andtransformation 187
3.4 Polymorphismandisomorphism 120
6.2 Sedimentaryrockformation 189
3.5 Overviewofthemainrock-forming
6.2.1 Weathering 189
minerals 121
6.2.2 Sedimenttransport 192
3.5.1 Autochthonouselements 122
6.2.3 Deposition 194
3.5.2 Sulfides 123
6.2.4 Lithification 196
3.5.3 Oxidesandhydroxides 123
6.3 Textureandstructureofsedimentary
3.5.4 Carbonates 125
rocks 196
3.5.5 Halides 126
6.3.1 Bedding 197
3.5.6 Sulfates 126
6.3.2 Packingofgrains 204
3.5.7 Phosphates 127
6.4 Classificationofsedimentsand
3.5.8 Silicates 127
sedimentaryrocks 206
6.5 Clasticsedimentsandsedimentaryrocks 206
References 143
6.5.1 Genesisandclassificationofclastic
sedimentaryrocks 206
4. Basic petrology 145
6.5.2 Coarse-grained
4.1 Introduction 145 sediments—rudaceous 207
4.2 InteriorstructureoftheEarth 147 6.5.3 Mediumgranularclastic
4.3 Classificationofrocks 149 sediments—arenaceousrocks 214
4.3.1 Igneousrocks 150 6.5.4 Finegranularclastic
4.3.2 Sedimentaryrocks 150 sediments—pelite 219
4.3.3 Metamorphicrocks 151 6.5.5 Diagenesisofclasticsediments 227
4.4 OriginofEarthandtheoryofplate 6.6 Volcaniclasticrock 236
tectonics 152 6.6.1 Definitionandoriginof
4.4.1 OriginoftheEarth 152 volcaniclasticsedimentsandrocks 236
4.4.2 Platetectonics 154 6.6.2 Compositionofvolcaniclastic
References 158 sedimentsandrocks 238
6.6.3 Alterationoftuff 239
5. Igneous rocks 159 6.7 Chemicalandbiochemicalsedimentary
rocks 240
5.1 Originofigneousrocks 159
6.7.1 Limestone 240
5.1.1 Propertiesofmagmaandlava 160
6.7.2 Dolomites 257
5.1.2 Bowen’sreactionseries 161
6.7.3 Evaporites 260
5.1.3 Coolingofmagmaafter
6.7.4 Siliceoussedimentsandrocks 264
crystallization 162
6.8 Uses 268
5.2 Classificationofigneousrocks 163
References 268
5.2.1 Formsofappearanceandstructure
oftheintrusive(plutonic)igneous
7. Metamorphic rocks 269
rocks 165
5.2.2 Formsofappearanceandstructure 7.1 Originandstructuresofmetamorphic
oftheextrusive(volcanic)igneous rocks 269
rocks 167 7.2 Typesofmetamorphismand
5.3 Maingroupofigneousrocksandtheir classificationofmetamorphicrocks 275
composition 169 7.3 Rocksofdynamicmetamorphism 275
7.3.1 Mylonite 275
Contents ix
7.3.2 Flazercataclasite 276 9.3.2 Depthofoccurrence 321
7.3.3 Augengneisses 276 9.3.3 Relationtohostrock 323
7.4 Rocksofcontactmetamorphism 276 9.3.4 Structuralcontrol 325
7.4.1 Hornfels 278 9.3.5 Natureofmineralization 329
7.4.2 Skarnsortactites 278 9.3.6 Morphology 331
7.5 Rocksofregionalmetamorphism 279 9.3.7 Geneticmodel 334
7.5.1 Schistsoflow-grade 9.3.8 Grainsize 341
metamorphism 279 9.3.9 Containedmetal 342
7.5.2 Schistsofhigh-grade 9.3.10 Mono-mineraland
metamorphism 282 multiple-mineraldeposits 344
7.6 Rocksofplutonicmetamorphism 288 9.4 Hostrocks 344
7.6.1 Granulites 288 9.5 Industryspecifications 345
7.6.2 Eclogites 288 References 348
7.6.3 Migmatites 289
References 289 10. Mineral resource assessment
and economic parameters 349
8. Precipitation systems of major
10.1 Definition 349
sedimentary bodies—collector
10.2 Parameters 350
rocks for oil and gas 291
10.2.1 Cutoff 350
8.1 Introduction 291 10.2.2 Minimumwidth 351
8.2 Mainformsofcollectorsedimentary 10.2.3 Ore 351
bodiesinclastites 292 10.2.4 Oredeposit 351
8.2.1 Alluvialfans 292 10.3 Resourceestimationprocedure 352
8.2.2 Deltas 293 10.3.1 Smallandmediumsize 353
8.2.3 Sandbodiesincoastal 10.3.2 Largeanddeepseated 354
marineenvironments(beaches 10.3.3 Statisticalmethod 357
andoffshore) 295 10.3.4 Geostatisticalmethod 358
8.2.4 Debrites 299 10.3.5 Petroleum(oilandgas) 359
8.2.5 Turbidityfans 301 10.4 Resourceclassification 361
8.3 Mainformsofcollectorsedimentary 10.4.1 Metallic/nonmetallicminerals 361
bodiesincarbonaterocks 302 10.4.2 Mineraloilandgas 364
8.3.1 Carbonateplatforms 302 10.5 Mineraleconomics 365
8.3.2 Carbonatedebritesandturbidites 10.5.1 Stagesofinvestment 366
orallodapiclimestones 310 10.5.2 Investmentanalysis 366
8.3.3 Reefandperi-reefbioclastic 10.5.3 Orderofmagnitude
limestonesoutsidethesarbonate study/scopingstudy 366
platforms 311 10.5.4 Prefeasibilitystudy 366
References 312 10.5.5 Feasibilitystudy 369
10.6 Overview—acompletecycle 369
9. Mineral deposits: host rocks and 10.6.1 Mineralexploration 369
genetic model 313 10.6.2 Mining 369
10.6.3 Mineralbeneficiation 370
9.1 Definition 313 10.6.4 Smelting 372
9.1.1 Mineral 313 10.6.5 Refining 372
9.1.2 Rock 314 10.6.6 Finisheduseablegoods 373
9.1.3 Mineraldeposit 314 References 376
9.2 Classificationofminerals 316 FurtherReading 376
9.2.1 Mineralclassificationsystem
basedonchemicalcomposition 316 11. Hazards of minerals—rocks and
9.2.2 Mineralclassificationsystem
sustainable development 377
basedonuses 317
9.3 Classificationofmineraldeposits 317 11.1 Definition 377
9.3.1 Geographicdistribution 317 11.2 Naturalhazards 378
x Contents
11.2.1 Earthquake 378 11.3.24 Wollastonite 387
11.2.2 Volcanoandvolcanism 379 11.4 Hazardsofrocks 387
11.2.3 Glacierandavalanche 381 11.4.1 Granite 387
11.2.4 Lightning 382 11.4.2 Limestone 387
11.2.5 Forestfire 382 11.4.3 Sandstone 387
11.3 Hazardsofminerals 383 11.4.4 Slate 387
11.3.1 Apatite 383 11.4.5 Rock-fall 387
11.3.2 Arsenic 383 11.4.6 Balancingrocks 388
11.3.3 Asbestos 383 11.4.7 Rockfault 388
11.3.4 Bauxite 384 11.5 Hazardsinthemineralindustry 390
11.3.5 Chalcopyrite 384 11.5.1 Exploration 390
11.3.6 Chromite 384 11.5.2 Mining 390
11.3.7 Cinnabar 384 11.5.3 Mineralbeneficiation 398
11.3.8 Clay 384 11.5.4 Smeltingwaste 399
11.3.9 Coalandlignite 384 11.5.5 Metalrefiningwaste 400
11.3.10 Corundum 385 11.5.6 Mineralindustryrehabilitation 400
11.3.11 Feldspar 385 11.6 Hazardsofthemineralindustryand
11.3.12 Fluorite 385 humanconsequences 402
11.3.13 Galenaandcerussite 385 11.6.1 Minewastecatastrophe 402
11.3.14 Graphite 385 11.6.2 Mineralprocessplant
11.3.15 Gypsum 385 failure 403
11.3.16 Hematite 385 11.7 Sustainablemineraldevelopment 403
11.3.17 Mica 386 11.7.1 Indicators 405
11.3.18 Pyrite 386 11.7.2 Mineralsandminingas
11.3.19 Redongas 386 meansofachieving
11.3.20 Silica 386 sustainabledevelopment 407
11.3.21 Sphalerite 386 References 410
11.3.22 Talc 386
11.3.23 Uraniumminerals 386 Index 411
Dedication
Weapons cannot shred the soul, nor can fire burn it.
Water cannot wet it, nor can the wind dry it.
Bhagavat Gita 2.23
Dedicated in the memory of never-born, eternal, ever-abide, and
primeval soul of my parents: Late Dr. Sachindra Nath Haldar (1897(cid:1)1951),
and Late Smt. Durga Rani Haldar (1910(cid:1)1991), who inspired me to serve the
creation of Nature (God) with all humility, and selflessly.
About the author
S. K. Haldar (Swapan Kumar Haldar) has been a practicing veteran in the field of
Mineral Exploration and Metal Mining for the past four and a half decades. He
received BSc (Hons) and MSc degrees from Calcutta University and PhD from the
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur. The major part of his career since 1966
has been focused on base and noble metals exploration/mining with short stopovers
at Standard Oil (ESSO) Petroleum, Hindustan Copper Limited, and finally,
HindustanZincLimited,wherehehasundertakenvarioustechnicalrolesandmana-
gerial responsibilities. Since 2003, he has been Emeritus Professor with the
Department of Applied Geology, Presidency University, Kolkata, and has taught
mineral exploration to postgraduate students of the Applied Geology Department
and often at the University of Calcutta and Indian Institute of Technology,
Dhanbad. He has been a consultant with international exploration entities, namely, Goldstream Mining NL/IMX
Resources Ltd., Australia, and Binani Industries Limited (BIL) Infratech Ltd., India. His profession has often required
visits to mines and exploration camps of Australia(cid:1)Tasmania, Canada, the United States, Germany, Portugal, France,
Italy,TheNetherlands,Switzerland,SaudiArabia,Egypt,Bangladesh,Nepal,Bhutan,Jordan,andIsrael.
He is a life fellow of The Mining Geological and Metallurgical Institutes (MGMI) of India, and the Indian
Geological Congress (IGC). He is the recipient of “Dr. J. Coggin Brown Memorial (Gold Medal) for Geological
Sciences”byMGMI.Hehasauthored40technicalpapersandfivebooks:
1. ExplorationModelingofBaseMetalDeposits,2007,Elsevier,p.227.
2. MineralExploration—PrinciplesandApplications,FirstEdition,2013,Elsevier,p.374.
3. IntroductiontoMineralogyandPetrology,2014,Elsevier,p.356.
4. Platinum(cid:1)Nickel(cid:1)ChromiumDeposits:Geology,ExplorationandReserveBase,2016,Elsevier,p.322.
5. MineralExploration—PrinciplesandApplications,SecondEdition,2018,Elsevier,p.378.
He has a unique professional blend of mineral exploration, evaluation, and mineral economics with the essence of
classroomteachingofpostgraduatestudentsofthreecelebrateduniversitiesoverthepastdecades.
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