Introduction to Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

287 Pages·2004·3.79 MB·English

by  John Crisp

Introduction to
Microprocessors
and
Microcontrollers
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Introduction to
Microprocessors
and
Microcontrollers
Second edition
John Crisp
Newnes
An imprint of Elsevier
Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP
200 Wheeler Road, Burlington MA 01803
First published 1998 as Introduction to Microprocessors
Reprinted 2000, 2001
Second Edition 2004
© 1998, 2004, John Crisp. All rights reserved
The right of John Crisp to be identified as the author of this work
has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including
photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether
or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without
the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 0 7506 5989 0
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visit our website at: www.newnespress.com
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Printed and bound in Great Britain
Contents
Preface vii
1 Basic microprocessor systems 1
2 Binary – the way micros count 8
3 Hexadecimal – the way we communicate with micros 25
4 How micros calculate 38
5 An introduction to logic gates and their uses 49
6 Registers and memories 62
7 A microprocessor-based system 85
8 A typical 8-bit microprocessor 99
9 Programming – using machine code and assembly
language 121
10 High-level languages 132
11 The development of microprocessors and microcontrollers 151
12 The Pentium family 173
13 The PowerPC 184
14 The Athlon XP 194
15 Microcontrollers and how to use them 199
16 Using a PIC microcontroller for a real project 219
17 Interfacing 234
18 Test equipment and fault-finding 255
Appendix A: Special function register file 267
Appendix B: PIC 16CXXX instruction set 268
Further reading 271
Quiz time answers 273
Index 275
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Preface
The first edition of this book started with the words: ‘A modern society
could no longer function without the microprocessor.’
This is certainly still true but it is even truer if we include the
microcontroller. While the microprocessor is at the heart of our
computers, with a great deal of publicity, the microcontroller is quietly
running the rest of our world. They share our homes, our vehicles and
our workplace, and sing to us from our greetings cards.
They are our constant, unseen companions and billions are being
installed every year with little or no publicity.
The purpose of this book is to give a worry-free introduction to
microprocessors and microcontrollers. It starts at the beginning and
does not assume any previous knowledge of microprocessors or
microcontrollers and, in gentle steps, introduces the knowledge
necessary to take those vital first steps into the world of the micro.
John Crisp
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1
Basic microprocessor
systems
The microprocessor was born
In 1971 two companies, both in the USA, introduced the world to its
future by producing microprocessors. They were a young company
called Intel and their rival, Texas Instruments.
The microprocessor and its offspring, the microcontroller, were
destined to infiltrate every country, every means of production, and
almost every home in the world. There is now hardly a person on the
planet that does not own or know of something that is dependent on
one of these devices. Yet curiously, so few people can give any sort of
answer to the simple question ‘What is a microprocessor?’ This, and
‘How does it work?’ form two of the starting points for this book.
Let’s start by looking at a system
The word ‘system’ is used to describe any organization or device that
includes three features.
A system must have at least one input, one output and must do
something, i.e. it must contain a process. Often there are many inputs
and outputs. Some of the outputs are required and some are waste
products. To a greater or lesser extent, all processes generate some
waste heat. Figure 1.1 shows these requirements.
1