Introduction to Marine biology

598 Pages·101.204 MB·English

by  Karleskint, George

Human Impact
Researchers combined 17 sets of
data on direct and indirect human
influence to create this map of the
estimated human impact on marine
ecosystems. The map includes
data on shipping, fishing,
pollution, invasive species,
temperature changes,
ultraviolet light changes
and ocean acidification.
Very high
High
Medium high
Medium
Low
Very low
Sources: Benjamin S. Halpern, National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis; Science 319 (Feb. 2008):948–952.
You can learn more about the impact humans have on marine ecosystems in each chapter of the text. You can learn more about the effects of
fi shing, pollution, invasive species, and temperature change in Part 3, Marine Ecosystems, and Part 4, Humans and the Sea.
Graham Roberts, Jonathan Corum/The New York Times. Reprinted with permission of The New York Times.
INTRODUCTION TO
THIRD EDITION
George Karleskint, Jr.
St. Louis Community College–Meramec
Richard Turner
Florida Institute of Technology
James W. Small, Jr.
Rollins College
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Introduction to Marine Biology, Third Edition © 2010, 2006 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
George Karleskint, Jr., Richard Turner, James W. Small, Jr.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13 12 11 10 9
Contents Overview
Preface vii
Part 1 The Ocean Environment
Chapter 1 Science and Marine Biology 1
Chapter 2 Fundamentals of Ecology 14
Chapter 3 Geology of the Ocean 44
Chapter 4 Water, Waves, and Tides 68
Part 2 Marine Organisms
Chapter 5 Biological Concepts 98
Chapter 6 Marine Microbes 124 Part 3 Marine Ecosystems
Chapter 7 Multicellular Primary Chapter 13 Intertidal Communities 356
Producers 158
Chapter 14 Estuaries 386
Chapter 8 Lower Invertebrates 190
Chapter 15 Coral Reef Communities 412
Chapter 9 Higher Invertebrates 218
Chapter 16 Continental Shelves and Neritic
Chapter 10 Marine Fishes 262 Zone 442
Chapter 11 Marine Reptiles and Birds 296 Chapter 17 The Open Sea 462
Chapter 12 Marine Mammals 324 Chapter 18 Life in the Ocean’s Depths 486
Part 4 Humans and the Sea
Chapter 19 Harvesting the Ocean’s
Resources 506
Chapter 20 Oceans in Jeopardy 532
Glossary 556
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions 573
Index 574
C ontents
Preface v ii Chapter 4 (cid:129) Water, Waves, and Tides 68
Part 1: The Ocean Environment Nature of Water 69
Marine Biology and the Human Connection: Carbon
Dioxide and Ocean pH 73
Chapter 1 (cid:129) Science and Marine
Salt Water 73
Biology 1
Ocean Heating and Cooling 7 7
Importance of the Ocean and Marine Organisms 1 Winds and Currents 78
Study of the Sea and Its Inhabitants 2 Ocean Layers and Ocean Mixing 84
Marine Biology: A History of Changing Perspectives 3 Ecology and the Marine Environment: El Niño
Marine Biology and the Human Connection: Southern Oscillation 87
Waves 89
Dead Zones 4
Process of Science 8 Tides 9 1
Chapter 2 (cid:129) Fundamentals of Ecology 14 Part 2: Marine Organisms
The Study of Ecology 15
Ecology and the Physical Environment 1 5 Chapter 5 (cid:129) Biological Concepts 98
Populations 20 Building Blocks of Life 99
Communities 2 5 Cells 1 03
The Science of Marine Biology: Connell’s Evolution and Natural Selection 1 09
Barnacles 28
Classifi cation: Bringing Order to Diversity 117
Ecosystems: Basic Units of the Biosphere 30
The Science of Marine Biology: The Amphipod Chapter 6 (cid:129) Marine Microbes 124
and Sea Butterfl y 31
Marine Viruses 125
The Biosphere 38
Marine Bacteria 128
Archaea 137
Marine Adaptation: Halobacteria 1 38
Eukarya 1 38
Marine Biology and the Human Connection: Harmful
Algal Blooms 149
Chapter 7 (cid:129) Multicellular Primary
Producers 1 58
Multicellular Algae 1 59
Marine Biology and the Human Connection:
Seaweeds and Medicine 163
Marine Flowering Plants 173
Chapter 3 (cid:129) Geology of the Ocean 4 4
The Science of Marine Biology: Gas Spaces in
World Ocean 45 Marine Plants 178
Continental Drift 47
Chapter 8 (cid:129) Lower Invertebrates 190
Ocean Bottom 52
What Are Animals? 1 91
The Science of Marine Biology: Magnetic Evidence
Sponges 1 92
for Continental Drift 53
Composition of the Seafl oor 59 Marine Biology and the Human Connection:
Commercial Use of Sponges 197
Ecology and the Marine Environment: Animal
Cnidarians: Animals with Stinging Cells 198
Sculptors of the Seafl oor 60
Finding Your Way around the Sea 61 Ctenophores 2 06
The Evolution of Bilateral Symmetry 2 07
Contents v
Ecology and the Marine Environment:
Part 3: Marine Ecosystems
Attack of the Killer Ctenophores 208
Flatworms 2 08
Ribbon Worms 210 Chapter 13 (cid:129) Intertidal Communities 356
Lophophorates 2 11 Rocky Shores 357
The Science of Marine Biology: Marine Biology and the Human Connection: Threats
Induced Defenses 212 to Intertidal Communities 372
Sandy Shores 375
Chapter 9 (cid:129) Higher Invertebrates 218
Molluscs 2 19
Marine Biology and the Human Connection:
Deadly Snails and Medicine 224
Sipunculids 2 33
Annelids: The Segmented Worms 233
Nematodes 238
Priapulids 2 38
Ecological Roles of Marine Worms 239
Arthropods: Animals with Jointed Appendages 240
Arrowworms 2 48
Echinoderms: Animals with Spiny Skins 248
Chapter 14 (cid:129) Estuaries 386
Hemichordates 254
Physical Characteristics of Estuaries 3 87
Invertebrate Chordates 255
Estuarine Productivity 3 90
Chapter 10 (cid:129) Marine Fishes 262 Life in an Estuary 391
Fishes and Other Vertebrates 263 Estuarine Communities 393
Jawless Fishes 264 Wetlands 398
Cartilaginous Fishes 266 Science of Marine Biology: Predation Regulates
Benthic Population Size 399
Marine Biology and the Human Connection:
Lagoons 408
Shark Attacks on Humans 2 68
Lobefi ns 271
Chapter 15 (cid:129) Coral Reef
Ray-Finned Fishes 271
Communities 4 12
The Biology of Fishes 274
Organisms That Build Coral Reefs 413
Marine Adaptation: Surviving in Near-Freezing
Reef Formation 417
Water 280
Marine Adaptations: Fish Toxicity 285 Marine Biology and the Human Connection: The
Effect of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Levels on
Chapter 11 (cid:129) Marine Reptiles
Coral Reef Ecosystems 418
and Birds 296 Types of Coral Reefs 419
Marine Reptiles 297 Reef Structure 421
Marine Biology and the Human Connection: Coral Reef Distribution 423
Endangered Sea Turtles 304 Comparison of Atlantic and Indo-Pacifi c Reefs 425
Seabirds 3 08
Coral Reef Ecology 426
Chapter 12 (cid:129) Marine Mammals 324 The Coral Reef Community 4 27
Ecology and the Marine Environment: Destruction
Characteristics of Marine Mammals 3 25
of Coral Reefs by Sea Stars 429
Sea Otters 326
Evolutionary Adaptations of Reef Dwellers 431
Polar Bears 327
Threats to Coral Reef Communities 4 34
Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses 328
Ecology and the Marine Environment:
Ecology and the Marine Environment: Where Have Is Atmospheric Dust Contributing to the Decline
the Steller’s Sea Lions Gone? 332 of Coral Reefs? 436
Sirens: Manatees and Dugongs 335
Cetaceans: Whales and Their Relatives 3 36
Marine Biology and the Human Connection: Dolphin
Behavior 350
vi Contents
Chapter 16 (cid:129) Continental Shelves and Salt and Water 525
Neritic Zone 442 Mineral Resources 526
Sand and Gravel 526
Continental Shelves 443
Energy Sources: Coal, Oil, Natural Gas, and Methane
Benthic Communities 446
Hydrate 5 27
Neritic Zone 455
Ecology and the Marine Environment: The Bountiful Chapter 20 (cid:129) Oceans in Jeopardy 532
Southern Ocean 457
Pollution 533
Chapter 17 (cid:129) The Open Sea 462 Global Warming 5 45
Regions of the Open Sea 463
Life in the Open Sea 463
Survival in the Open Sea 473
Marine Adaptation: Gelatinous Zooplankton 476
Ecology of the Open Sea 478
Ecology and the Marine Environment: Are Open
Oceans Really as Barren as Deserts? 480
Chapter 18 (cid:129) Life in the Ocean’s
Depths 486
Survival in the Deep Sea 4 87
Life in the Dark 489 Introduction of Nonnative Species 547
Marine Biology and the Human Connection: Ecology and the Marine Environment: Jellyfi sh as
Exploring the Ocean’s Depths 490 Monitors of Ocean Health 549
Giants of the Deep 495 Coastal Development 550
Relicts from the Deep 497 Epilogue 5 51
Life on the Sea Bottom 499 Marine Biology and the Human Connection: Effects
of Artifi cial Processes on Beach Formation 5 52
Marine Adaptation: Light from Hydrothermal Vent
Communities 502
Part 4: Humans and the Sea Glossary 556
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions 573
Index 5 74
Chapter 19 (cid:129) Harvesting the Ocean’s
Resources 5 06
Commercial Fishing 507
Marine Biology and the Human Connection:
Hawaiian Aquaculture 518
Marine Biology and the Human Connection: Bluefi n
Tuna 522
Preface
Introduction to Marine Biology is intended for undergraduate information on the evolution of many groups of marine
students majoring in a variety of disciplines, and for biology organisms, supported by new Tree of Life diagrams that
students interested in learning more about the marine envi- illustrate their evolutionary relationships.
ronment. Many such students may already be interested in
(cid:129) Expanded learning tools for students. New chapter-
the fi eld of marine biology. Others, however, are studying ma-
opening questions draw students into the chapter topics. A
rine biology to fulfi ll a general education requirement, and
new running glossary defi nes key terms where they ap-
they may have a fear of science courses. Like many, these
pear in the text, and shaded boxes point readers to related
students are generally intrigued by the marine environment
content in other chapters. “In Summary” boxes summarize
and especially marine organisms. Having grown up with tele-
the information in each major chapter section, and the
vision programs and internet sites dealing with the ocean
Key Concepts section succinctly summarizes each chapter.
and marine organisms, they have a natural interest in this
subject area. This text strives to use this interest as a start- (cid:129) Created a new text design to enhance the learning experi-
ing point for teaching biological science as it applies to ma- ence. Over 150 photos and illustrations have been added
rine organisms and the ecology of the marine environment. or redesigned. Spectacular photos now open each chapter,
Each of the authors has been teaching marine biology for visually drawing the student into the subject matter. The
more than 30 years to both majors and nonmajors. In their new, open book design offers more variety on every page.
lectures and fi eld courses they stress an ecological approach
In this edition we have revised every chapter to include re-
to the study of marine organisms, and they have used this
cent discoveries and to emphasize more the impact that hu-
same approach in preparing this text.
mans have on marine creatures and the marine environment.
The main focus of the text is the ecology of the marine envi-
ronment—that is, the ways in which marine organisms inter- Learning Aids
act with each other and with their physical environment. The
authors believe that there is no better way to teach about the
This edition now contains the following learning aids to help
delicate balance of natural systems than within the context
students master the text material and use their knowledge.
of marine ecosystems. This text also strives to educate stu-
dents about the importance of marine ecosystems to terres- 1. New “Have You Wondered?” questions begin each chapter
trial ecosystems and to humankind. The authors hope that to catch students’ interest and motivate them to read the
by studying marine biology, students will be able to make chapter to fi nd answers to these questions.
well-informed decisions at the ballot box and when they en-
2. Boldface terms: Throughout the text, important terms ap-
gage in activities that have an impact on the natural world,
pear in boldface. All boldface terms are defi ned in the
especially with respect to the ocean. The authors hope that
glossary.
this text will provide the factual foundation necessary for
making such important decisions. 3. A running glossary defi nes key boldface terms in the
margins for easy student reference.
New to This Edition
4. Pronunciation guide: Terms in the text that might pose
pronunciation problems for beginning students are ac-
Our overall goal with the third edition was to write a reader- companied by phonetic transcriptions.
friendly book that helped students develop a deeper apprecia-
5. Connection boxes: Throughout the text, special boxes in-
tion of the diversity and beauty of life in the ocean while also
dicate where the student can fi nd more information on a
developing a critical understanding of human impact on the
topic or concept that is being discussed.
sea and on sea life. Specifi cally, we have:
6. Boxed readings: Boxed readings are organized into four
(cid:129) Fully revised Chapter 2, Fundamentals of Ecology, to fol-
categories: “Ecology and the Marine Environment,” “Ma-
low a more logical ecological pattern: physical environ-
rine Biology and the Human Connection,” “Marine Adap-
ment, populations, communities, ecosystems, and bio-
tation,” and “The Science of Marine Biology.” The fi rst
sphere. The human impact on marine ecosystems is
three types provide students with an interesting and en-
discussed throughout the text, leading to two capstone
gaging focus on three important aspects of marine biol-
chapters on human impact on the marine environment.
ogy. The fourth type illustrates for students how science
(cid:129) Expanded coverage of evolutionary relationships. Each of is done in general, and specifi cally in the fi eld of marine
the chapters on marine organisms now also includes more biology.