Introduction to Laser Spectroscopy

332 Pages·2005·6.549 MB·English

by  Halina Abramczyk

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Introduction to Laser Spectroscopy
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Introduction to Laser
Spectroscopy
Halina Abramczyk
ChemistryDepartment
TechnicalUniversity
Ło´dz´,Poland
2005
Amsterdam–Boston–Heidelberg–London–NewYork–Oxford
Paris–SanDiego–SanFrancisco–Singapore–Sydney–Tokyo
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To my parents Salomea andEdward,
to myhusband Andrew
and son Victor
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Acknowledgements
IwouldliketothankDrGabrielaWaliszewskawhocheckedtheworkforaccuracy.
She assisted me in taking a typed manuscript and putting it in final form including
plots, graphics, and other illustrations. Ph.D. student Iwona Szymczyk assisted in
translation of large part of the material into English. Their cooperation is really
appreciated, I can truthfully say this work would not have been completed without
their assistance.
Professor Zbigniew Ke˛cki first inspired me with love to molecular spectroscopy
while I was a Ph.D. student at Technical University of Ło´dz´. Professor Jerzy Kroh
later sharpened my teaching and research skills by creating a warm, friendly and
scientificatmosphere while he was my group leader.
Finally,Iwouldliketothankmyhusband,Andrew,mysonVictorandmyclose,
life long friends, whogave me encouragementto undertake this effort.
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Preface
This book is intended to be used by students of chemistry, chemical engineering,
biophysics, biology, materials science, electrical, mechanical, and other engineering
fields, and physics. It assumes that the reader has some familiarity with the basic
concepts of molecular spectroscopy and quantum theory, e.g., the concept of the
uncertaintyprinciple,quantizedenergylevels,butstartswiththemostbasicconcepts
of laser physics and develops the advanced topics of modern laser spectroscopy
including femtochemistry.
The major distinction between this book and the many fine books available on
laser physics and time resolved spectroscopy is its emphasis on a general approach
that does not focus mainly on an extensive consideration of time resolved
spectroscopy. Books at the correct level of presentation for beginners tend to be
focusedeithertotallyormainlyonthebasicfundamentalsoflasersandincludeonly
a minimal amount of material on modern ultrashort laser spectroscopy and its
chemical, physical and biological applications. On the other hand, books that
contain the desired material to a significant degree, are too advanced, requiring
too much prior knowledge of nonlinear optics, quantum theory, generation of
ultrafast pulses, detection methods, and vibrational and electronic dynamics. This
book is intended to fill the gap. More advanced problems of modern ultrafast
spectroscopy are developed in the later chapters using concepts and methods from
earlier chapters.
The book begins with a qualitative discussion of key concepts of fundamentals of
laserphysics.Spontaneousandstimulatedtransitions,Einsteincoefficients,properties
of stimulated radiation, population inversion and amplification and saturation are
discussed. Chapter 2 introduces concepts of longitudinal and transverse modes, the
quality factor of a resonator, the relationship between line width of stimulated
emission and resonator quality factor. Chapter 3 explains how ultrashort pulses are
produced. This discussion is used to show the differences between modelocking,
Q-switching and cavity dumping. Chapter 4 presents a brief description of lasers
that are used as a source of radiation in every laser experimental set up. Chapter 5
provides all of the necessary material to understand modern concepts of nonlinear
spectroscopy. It starts with basic concepts of phase matching methods, second and
third harmonicgeneration, parametric oscillator and endswitha briefdescription of
advanced topics such as stimulated Raman scattering, coherent anti-Stokes Raman
spectroscopy (CARS), nonlinear dispersion phenomena affecting picosecond and
femtosecond pulse duration, including group velocity dispersion (GVD) and self
phase modulation (SPM). Chapter 6 develops the theoretical background of pulses
amplification and presents the main design features of amplifiers concerning on
regenerative amplifier and chirped pulse amplification (CPA). Chapter 7 shows how
to measure ultrafast pulses and draws a distinction between autocorrelation
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