Introduction to Industrial and Organizational Psychology 6th Edition

554 Pages·2016·4.65 MB·English

by  Ronald E. Riggio

I
NTRODUCTION
I /
TO NDUSTRIAL
O
RGANIZATIONAL
P
SYCHOLOGY
S I X T H E D I T I O N
Ronald E. Riggio
Kravis Leadership Institute
Claremont McKenna College
Consulting Editor
Lyman W. Porter
University of California, Irvine
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Riggio, Ronald E.
Introduction to industrial/organizational psychology/Ronald E. Riggio.—6th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-25499-6 (alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-205-25499-3 (alk. paper)
1. Psychology, Industrial. 2. Organizational change. I. Title.
HF5548.8.R475 2013
158.7—dc23
2012011017
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Student Edition
ISBN 10: 0-205-25499-3
ISBN 13: 978-0-205-25499-6
Instructor’s Review Copy
ISBN 10: 0-205-92822-6
ISBN 13: 978-0-205-92822-4
BRIEF CONTENTS
P O
ART NE Introduction
In this first section, we discuss the field of industrial/organizational psychology,
learn what it is, and examine its history. The second chapter is an overview of
social scientific research methods, and how this methodology is used by I/O psy-
chologists. This section sets the groundwork for what is to come.
1. Introduction: Definitions and History 1
2. Research Methods in Industrial/Organizational
Psychology 17
P T
ART WO Personnel Issues
In these five chapters, we will take a “tour” of personnel functions in organiza-
tions. We will examine how jobs are analyzed, how workers are recruited and
selected for jobs, how workers’ job performance is evaluated, and finally, how
workers are trained.
3. Job Analysis 53
4. Employee Recruitment, Selection, and Placement 77
5. Methods for Assessing and Selecting Employees 96
6. Evaluating Employee Performance 128
7. Employee Training and Development 156
P T
ART HREE Worker Issues
These three chapters will examine important psychological states that i nfluence
employee work behavior: the motivation to work, the satisfaction one gets from
a job, and the stress that occurs because of job demands. These three states
represent the vital issues of why people work and what happens to them i nternally
because of work rewards and demands.
iii
iv Brief Contents
8. Motivation 188
9. Positive Employee Attitudes and Behaviors 216
10. Worker Stress, Negative Employee Attitudes
and Behaviors 247
P F
ART OUR Work Group and Organizational Issues
In the next five chapters, we will examine how workers interact in the formation
of work groups and larger work organizations. The study of this interaction of
workers and work groups comprises a good part of the area within I/O psychology
known as organizational psychology. In reviewing organizational issues, we will
start small, looking at communication between two workers, and finish big,
examining how large work organizations are designed and structured.
11. Communication in the Workplace 279
12. Group Processes in Work Organizations 307
13. Leadership 340
14. Influence, Power, and Politics 372
15. Organizational Structure, Culture, and Development 401
CONTENTS
Preface xiii
P
ART ONE Introduction
CHAPTER ONE Introduction: Definitions and History 1
What Is Industrial/Organizational Psychology? 2
The Science and Practice of Industrial/Organizational Psychology 3
The Roots and Early History of Industrial/Organizational Psychology 4
The Beginnings 5
World War I and the 1920s 7
The Great Depression Years and World War II 8
The Postwar Years and the Modern Era 9
Industrial/Organizational Psychology Today and in the Future 10
Summary 15
Study Questions and Exercises 16
Web Links 16
Suggested Readings 16
CHAPTER TWO Research Methods in Industrial/
Organizational Psychology 17
Social Science Research Methods 19
Goals of Social Science Research Methods 19
Steps in the Research Process 20
Major Research Designs 24
The Experimental Method 25
Quasi-Experiments 29
The Correlational Method 29
Complex Correlational Designs 31
Meta-Analysis 32
The Case Study Method 34
Measurement of Variables 35
Observational Techniques 35
Self-Report Techniques 35
Key Issues in Measuring Variables: Reliability and Validity 36
Measuring Work Outcomes: The Bottom Line 37
Interpreting and Using Research Results 39
v
vi Contents
Ethical Issues in Research and Practice in I/O Psychology 40
Summary 42
Study Questions and Exercises 43
Web Links 44
Suggested Readings 44
Appendix: Statistical Analyses of Research Data 44
Descriptive Statistics 45
Inferential Statistics 47
Statistical Analysis of Experimental Method Data 48
Statistical Analysis of Correlational Method Data 50
Appendix Summary 52
P
ART TWO Personnel Issues
CHAPTER THREE Job Analysis 53
Job Analysis 53
Job Analysis Methods 58
Specific Job Analysis Techniques 61
Job Element Method 62
Critical Incidents Technique 62
Position Analysis Questionnaire 63
Functional Job Analysis 65
Comparing the Different Job Analysis Techniques 67
O*NET: A Useful Tool for Understanding Jobs 68
Job Analysis and the ADA 70
Job Evaluation and Comparable Worth 70
Summary 75
Study Questions and Exercises 75
Web Links 76
Suggested Readings 76
CHAPTER FOUR Employee Recruitment, Selection,
and Placement 77
Human Resource Planning 79
Steps in the Employee Selection Process 80
Employee Recruitment 81
Employee Screening 84
Employee Selection and Placement 85
A Model for Employee Selection 85
Making Employee Selection Decisions 85
Contents vii
Employee Placement 89
Equal Employment Opportunity in Employee Selection and Placement 91
Summary 94
Study Questions and Exercises 95
Web Links 95
Suggested Readings 95
CHAPTER FIVE Methods for Assessing and Selecting
Employees 96
Employee Screening and Assessment 97
Evaluation of Written Materials 97
References and Letters of Recommendation 100
Employment Testing 101
Considerations in the Development and Use of Personnel Screening and Testing
Methods 101
Types of Employee Screening Tests 104
The Effectiveness of Employee Screening Tests 115
Assessment Centers 118
Hiring Interviews 121
Summary 126
Study Questions and Exercises 127
Web Links 127
Suggested Readings 127
CHAPTER SIX Evaluating Employee Performance 128
Job Performance and Performance Appraisals 129
The Measurement of Job Performance 130
Objective Versus Subjective Performance Criteria 131
Sources of Performance Ratings 134
Methods of Rating Performance 137
Comparative Methods 137
Individual Methods 139
Problems and Pitfalls in Performance Appraisals 144
The Performance Appraisal Process 148
Legal Concerns in Performance Appraisals 151
Team Appraisals and the Future of Performance Appraisals 152
Summary 153
Study Questions and Exercises 154
Web Links 154
Suggested Readings 155
viii Contents
CHAPTER SEVEN Employee Training and Development 156
Areas of Employee Training 157
Fundamental Issues in Employee Training 162
Key Issues in the Success of Training Programs 162
Common Problems in Employee Training Programs 165
A Model for Successful Training Programs 166
Assessing Training Needs 167
Establishing Training Objectives 169
Developing and Testing of Training Materials: Employee
Training Methods 169
Implementation of the Training Program 179
Evaluation of the Training Program 180
Equal Employment Opportunity Issues in Employee Training 183
Summary 185
Study Questions and Exercises 186
Web Links 187
Suggested Readings 187
P
ART THREE Worker Issues
CHAPTER EIGHT Motivation 188
Defining Motivation 189
Need Theories of Motivation 190
Basic Need Theories 190
McClelland’s Achievement Motivation Theory 191
Behavior-Based Theories of Motivation 194
Reinforcement Theory 194
Extrinsic versus Intrinsic Motivation 197
Goal-setting Theory 198
Job Design Theories of Motivation 199
Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory 199
Job Characteristics Model 201
Cognitive Theories of Motivation 204
Equity Theory of Motivation 205
Expectancy (VIE) Theory of Motivation 207
Comparing, Contrasting, and Combining the Different Motivation
Theories 210
The Relationship Between Motivation and Performance 211
Summary 214
Study Questions and Exercises 215
Contents ix
Web Links 215
Suggested Readings 215
CHAPTER NINE Positive Employee Attitudes
and Behaviors 216
Employee Engagement 217
Job Satisfaction 218
The Measurement of Job Satisfaction 219
Job Satisfaction and Job Performance 225
Organizational Commitment 227
Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction 229
Employee Attitudes and Employee Attendance 230
Employee Absenteeism 230
Employee Turnover 232
Increasing Employee Engagement, Job Satisfaction, and Organizational
Commitment 234
Positive Employee Behaviors 241
Organizational Citizenship Behaviors 241
Positive Affect and Employee Well-being 244
Summary 245
Study Questions and Exercises 246
Web Links 246
Suggested Readings 246
CHAPTER TEN Worker Stress, Negative Employee
Attitudes and Behaviors 247
Defining Worker Stress 249
Sources of Worker Stress 250
Stressful Occupations 251
Organizational Sources of Work Stress: Situational Stressors 252
Work Task Stressors 253
Work Role Stressors 253
Individual Sources of Work Stress: Dispositional Stressors 258
Measurement of Worker Stress 260
Effects of Worker Stress 263
Job Burnout 265
Coping with Worker Stress 267
Negative Employee Attitudes and Behaviors 273
Alcohol and Drug Use in the Workplace 275
Summary 277