Introduction to Human Physiology PDF
Preview Introduction to Human Physiology
BODY SYSTEMS Made up of cells organized according to specialization to maintain homeostasis See Chapter 1. NERVOUS SYSTEM Acts through electrical signals to control rapid responses of the body; also responsible for higher functions__e.g., consciousness, memory, Regulate Information from the and creativity external environment See Chapters 4, 5, 6, and 7. relayed through the nervous system RESPIRATORY SYSTEM O2 Obtains O2 from and eliminates CO2 to the external environment; helps regulate pH by adjusting the CO 2 rate of removal of acid-forming CO 2 See Chapters 13 and 15. URINARY SYSTEM Is important in regulating the volume, electrolyte Urine containing composition, and pH of the internal environment; wastes and excess removes wastes and excess water, salt, acid, water and and other electrolytes from the plasma and electrolytes eliminates them in the urine See Chapters 14 and 15. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Nutrients, water, Obtains nutrients, water, and electrolytes from and electrolytes the external environment and transfers them into Feces containing the plasma; eliminates undigested food residues undigested food to the external environment residue See Chapter 16. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Sperm leave male Is not essential for homeostasis, but essential for Sperm enter female perpetuation of the species See Chapter 20. Exchanges with all other systems CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Transports nutrients, O , CO , wastes, electrolytes, and hormones throughout the body EXTERNAL 2 2 See Chapters 9, 10, and 11. ENVIRONMENT This pictorial homeostatic model is developed in Chapter 1 to show you the relationship among cells, systems, and homeostasis (maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the internal fluid environment that surrounds the cells). The accompanying icon marks special sections at the beginning and end of each chapter that focus on how the topic of the chapter contributes to homeostasis. Together these features will give you a better perspective on homeostasis and the interdependency of body systems. Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Body systems Acts by means of hormones secreted into the maintain blood to regulate processes that require duration homeostasis rather than speed__e.g., metabolic activities and water and electrolyte balance See Chapters 4, 18, and 19. HOMEOSTASIS A dynamic steady state of the constituents in the internal fluid environment that surrounds and exchanges materials with the cells See Chapter 1. Factors homeostatically maintained: Concentration of nutrient molecules INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM See Chapters 16, 17, 18, and 19. Serves as a protective barrier between the Keeps internal Concentration of O and CO external environment and the remainder of the body; fluids in See Chapter 13. 2 2 the sweat glands and adjustments in skin blood flow Keeps foreign Concentration of waste products are important in temperature regulation material out See Chapter 14. See Chapters 12 and 17. pH See Chapter 15. Concentration of water, salts, and other electrolytes See Chapters 14, 15, 18, and 19. Temperature See Chapter 17. Volume and pressure See Chapters 10, 14, and 15. IMMUNE SYSTEM Defends against foreign invaders and cancer cells; Protects against Homeostasis is paves the way for tissue repair foreign invaders essential for See Chapter 12. survival of cells MUSCULAR AND SKELETAL SYSTEMS Support and protect body parts and allow body Enables the CELLS movement; heat-generating muscle contractions are body to interact Need homeostasis for their own important in temperature regulation; calcium is stored with the external survival and for performing in the bone environment specialized functions essential for See Chapters 8, 17, and 19. survival of the whole body See Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Exchanges with Need a continual supply of nutrients and all other systems O2 and ongoing elimination of acid-forming CO to generate the energy needed 2 to power life-sustaining cellular activities as follows: Food + O CO + H O + energy 2 2 2 See Chapters 13, 15, 16, and 17. Cells make up body systems Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Introduction to Human Physiology Lauralee Sherwood Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Eighth Edition Introduction to Human Physiology Lauralee Sherwood Department of Physiology and Pharmacology School of Medicine West Virginia University Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Introduction to Human Physiology, © 2013, 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning International Edition ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein Lauralee Sherwood may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means, Publisher: Yolanda Cossio graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, Developmental Editor: Suzannah Alexander or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Assistant Editor: Alexis Glubka Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior Editorial Assistant: Lauren Crosby written permission of the publisher. 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For product information and free companion resources: www.cengage.com/international Visit your local office: www.cengage.com/global Visit our corporate website: www.cengage.com Printed in China 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 16 15 14 13 12 Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. To my family for all they have done for me in the past, all they mean to me in the present, and all I hope will yet be in the future: My parents, Larry and Lee Sherwood (both in memoriam) My husband, Peter Marshall My daughters and sons-in-law, Melinda and Mark Marple Allison Tadros and Bill Krantz My grandchildren, Lindsay Marple Emily Marple Alexander Tadros Lauren Krantz Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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