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Introduction to GPS: The Global Positioning System PDF

193 Pages·2002·3.102 MB·English
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TLFeBOOK Introduction to GPS The Global Positioning System TLFeBOOK ForacompletelistingoftheArtechHouseMobileCommunicationsSeries, turntothebackofthisbook. TLFeBOOK Introduction to GPS The Global Positioning System Ahmed El-Rabbany Artech House Boston (cid:149) London www.artechhouse.com TLFeBOOK LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData El-Rabbany,Ahmed. IntroductiontoGPS:theGlobalPositioningSystem/AhmedEl-Rabbany. p. cm.(cid:151)(ArtechHousemobilecommunicationsseries) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN1-58053-183-1(alk.paper) 1.GlobalPostioningSystem. I.Title. II.Series. G109.5E62002 910’.285(cid:151)dc21 2001055249 BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData El-Rabbany,Ahmed IntroductiontoGPS:theglobalpositioningsystem/AhmedEl-Rabbany. (cid:151)(ArtechHousemobilecommunicationsseries) 1.GlobalPositioningSystem I.Title 629’.045 ISBN1-58053-183-0 CoverdesignbyYekatarinaRatner '2002ARTECHHOUSE,INC. 685CantonStreet Norwood,MA02062 Allrightsreserved.PrintedandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Nopartofthis bookmaybereproducedorutilizedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechani- cal,includingphotocopying,recording,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsys- tem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher. Alltermsmentionedinthisbookthatareknowntobetrademarksorservicemarks havebeenappropriatelycapitalized.ArtechHousecannotattesttotheaccuracyofthis information.Useofaterminthisbookshouldnotberegardedasaffectingthevalidityof anytrademarkorservicemark. InternationalStandardBookNumber:1-58053-183-0 LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber:2001055249 10987654321 TLFeBOOK TLFeBOOK Tothepeoplewhomadesignificantcontributionstomylife(cid:151) Myparents,mywife,andmychildren TLFeBOOK Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv 1 Introduction to GPS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 OverviewofGPS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 GPSsegments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.3 GPSsatellitegenerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.4 CurrentGPSsatelliteconstellation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.5 Controlsites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.6 GPS:Thebasicidea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.7 GPSpositioningservice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.8 WhyuseGPS? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 References• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 11 vii TLFeBOOK viii IntroductiontoGPS 2 GPS Details. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.1 GPSsignalstructure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.2 GPSmodernization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.3 TypesofGPSreceivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.4 Timesystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.5 Pseudorangemeasurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.6 Carrier-phasemeasurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.7 Cycleslips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.8 LinearcombinationsofGPSobservables . . . . . . . . . . . 23 References• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 25 3 GPS Errors and Biases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.1 GPSephemeriserrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3.2 Selectiveavailability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.3 Satelliteandreceiverclockerrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.4 Multipatherror. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.5 Antenna-phase-centervariation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3.6 Receivermeasurementnoise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3.7 Ionosphericdelay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 3.8 Troposphericdelay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 3.9 Satellitegeometrymeasures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3.10 GPSmissionplanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 3.11 Userequivalentrangeerror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 References • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 44 4 Datums, Coordinate Systems, and Map Projections . . 47 4.1 Whatisadatum? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 4.2 Geodeticcoordinatesystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 4.2.1 ConventionalTerrestrialReferenceSystem. . . . . . . . . 50 4.2.2 TheWGS84andNAD83systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 4.3 WhatcoordinatesareobtainedwithGPS? . . . . . . . . . . 53 4.4 Datumtransformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4.5 Mapprojections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4.5.1 TransverseMercatorprojection . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 TLFeBOOK Contents ix 4.5.2 UniversaltransverseMercatorprojection. . . . . . . . . . 57 4.5.3 ModifiedtransverseMercatorprojection. . . . . . . . . . 59 4.5.4 Lambertconicalprojection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.5.5 Stereographicdoubleprojection . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 4.6 Marinenauticalcharts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 4.7 Localarbitrarymappingsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 4.8 Heightsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 References• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 66 5 GPS Positioning Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 5.1 GPSpointpositioning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 5.2 GPSrelativepositioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 5.3 StaticGPSsurveying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 5.4 Fast(rapid)static. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 5.5 Stop-and-goGPSsurveying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 5.6 RTKGPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 5.7 Real-timedifferentialGPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 5.8 Realtimeversuspostprocessing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 5.9 Communication(radio)link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 References• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 83 6 Ambiguity-Resolution Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . 85 6.1 Antennaswapmethod. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 6.2 On-the-flyambiguityresolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 References• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 90 7 GPS Data and Correction Services . . . . . . . . . . . 91 7.1 Dataservice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 7.2 DGPSradiobeaconsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 7.3 Wide-areaDGPSsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 7.4 MultisiteRTKsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 References• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 99 TLFeBOOK

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