Introduction to Glass Science: Proceedings of a Tutorial Symposium held at the State University of New York, College of Ceramics at Alfred University, Alfred, New York, June 8–19, 1970 PDF
Preview Introduction to Glass Science: Proceedings of a Tutorial Symposium held at the State University of New York, College of Ceramics at Alfred University, Alfred, New York, June 8–19, 1970
INTRODUCTION TO GLASS SCIENCE INTRODUCTION TO GLASS SCIENCE Proceedings of a Tutorial Symposium held at the State University of New York, College of Ceramics at Alfred University, Alfred, New York, June 8-19,1970 Edited by L. D. Pye, H. J. Stevens, and W. C. LaCourse Division of Engineering/Science State University of New York College of Ceramics at Alfred University Alfred, New York ~PLENUM PRESS-NEW YORK-LONDON-1972 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 72-76933 ISBN 978-1-4757-0330-6 ISBN 978-1-4757-0328-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-0328-3 © 1972 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint oftbe hardcover 1st edition 1972 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N. Y.10011 United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London A Division of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd. Davis House (4th Floor), 8 Scrubs Lane, Harlesden, London, NW10 6SE, England All rights reserved No part of this pUblication may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher FOREWORD Glass technologists are fascinated by glass; explora tion as well as application of glass is expanding and the influx of documentation is bewildering. There were about 200 papers on just semi conduction in glasses in 1970 and one has to scan about 200 papers a month to sense the pulse of glass science. Yet there are many in industry and education in science or engineering who require or wish to have coher ent, comprehensive and contemporary information on this exciting material "glass." The Tutorial Symposium offered as an Introduction to Glass Science in Alfred represents an earnest attempt to ful fill this need. It has been designed to provide both broad and technical instruction for participants and readers who are not specialists. Glass is not only a material but a condition of matter: the vitreous state. The topic, there fore, is introduced by a careful consideration of the nature of glass, or the vitreous state. The universality of the vitreous state is now generally recognized: not just a few, but very many structures can be obtained without appreciable crystallization. There is no restricted family of struc tures characteristic of glass formation: as long as crys tallization is avoided, every liquid will solidify to a non crystalline sUbstance. Structural analysis in each case is now to be postulated and has become increasingly successful. The Alfred "Introduction to Glass Science" offers a repre sentative overview of methods and results. The most impor tant techniques considered are X-ray analysis, infrared and Raman spectroscopy, electron and nuclear magnetic resonance, Mossbauer spectroscopy. Analysis alone is rarely successful in the case of glass structrues and will depend on ingenious models. The central body of the volume discusses some of the most important properties of frequently used glasses: refraction, dispersion, color, strength, fracture, viscosity, diffusion, electrical properties, surface properties, cor rosive action. v vi FOREWORD Last, but not least, the new materials melted and shaped as glasses, but processed and used as crystallized ceramics are introduced: the glass ceramics. phase separation and crystallization are treated as the fundamental phenomena of this new and spreading technique. The tutorial symposium concludes with hints for laboratory experimenters in glass melting. This volume is a contribution of this institution to the limited amount of introductory texts on glass science. N. J. Kreidl Professor of Ceramic Engineering University of Missouri (Rolla) PREFACE Although glass has been used as an artistic medium and industrial material for centuries it has been only in recent years that "Glass Science" has emerged as a field of study in its own right. As is typical of any new field, Glass Science is currently in a state of rapid development, both in terms of our fundamental understanding of this material and in its commercial exploitation. On the other hand, glasses are complex materials, a fact which has impeded pro gress in achieving this understanding and exploitation. Noting this, it is not unreasonable to speculate that, per haps, the most dramatic advances in this field are yet to come. "Introduction to Glass Science" is a logical outgrowth of the increasing interest in non-crystalline materials. The book is based on a tutorial symposium held on the campus of Alfred University in June 1970. The objectives of both the symposium and this text were to present, in a single source, an introduction to the broad field of Glass Science. The material covered encompasses fundamental aspects, from chemical bonding to mechanical properties, as well as tech nologically important subjects such as melting and glass refractory interactions. Considering the broad subject area covered, this book should be suitable for introductory courses in the vitreous state at the senior level. At the same time, however, most subjects are covered in sufficient depth to render the book useful to those students and researchers interested in a particular aspect of glass science. The authors wish to point out their gratitude and in debtedness to a number of people who assisted in various capacities in the presentation of the symposium and the pre paration of the material included herein. They are Dr. L. Miles, President of Alfred University, Dr. E. E. Mueller, Dean of the S.U.N.Y. College of Ceramics at Alfred Univer- vii viii PREFACE sity, Dr. 's H. Kay, C. H. Greene, R. C. Martin, Mr. R. Dodge, L. Hanks, L. Manfredo, S. Boysen, and R. Kelly. The authors acknowledge the enormous contribution of Mr. C. Bloomquist for his skilled duplications of the manu scripts for distribution at the symposium, as well as his preparation of the figures and tables appearing in this book. Similarly, the fine effort extended by Mr. W. Earl in plan ning and executing the symposium is also pointed out. Typing of the manuscript by Mrs. D. Snowden, Mrs. J. Franum, and Mrs. D. . Stevens is also appreciated. The financial assis tance provided by the State of New York technical services program is gratefully aCknowledged. Finally, we wish to thank the contributing authors and Plenum Press for agree ing to publish the proceedings. L. D. Pye H. J. Stevens W. C. LaCourse Alfred, N. Y. May, 1972 CONTENTS The Vitreous State 1 L. David pye Chemical Bonding in Non-Crystalline Solids .••..•.•.. 31 Roger Eiss The Structure of Glass 61 Harold T. Smyth The Infrared and Raman Spectra of Glasses ..•.•...•.• 101 Robert A. Condrate, Sr. The Uses of Electron and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence in Studies of Glass ..............••..•....•.. 137 R. A. Weeks General Aspects of the Crystallization of Glass ..... 173 C. G. Bergeron Phase Separation of Simple Glasses ••..•............. 197 Harrie J. Stevens concepts of Glass-Ceramics 237 Daniel R. Stewart The Melting of Glass ............................•.•. 273 E. Lowell Swarts Experimental Glass Melting Techniques ............... 329 G. E. Blair Rheological Behavior of Glass .....•................• 343 H. E. Hagy ix x CONTENTS Dispersion, stress-Optical Effects in Glass, Optical Glasses .......................... 373 Joseph L. Rood The Development of Colors in Glass ................. 391 Foster L. Harding The Fractology of Glass 433 V. D. Frechette The strength of Glass ..... ......................... 451 William C. LaCourse Surface Chemistry of Glass 513 D. R. Rossington The Corrosive Nature of Molten Glass ........... .... 545 Vernon L. Burdick Diffusion Processes in Glass ....................... 563 A. R. Cooper Electrical Properties of Glass ..................... 583 L. L. Hench and H. F. Schaake Glass To Metal Seals 661 Richard M. Rulon Subj ect Index ...................................... 705 Author Index ....................................... 712 The Vitreous state L. David Pye SUNY College of Ceramics at Alfred University Alfred, N. Y. AN OVERVIEW Glass is a versatile and sometimes enigmatic substance. It functions equally well as a carrier of light, a protec tor of man and his inventions, an object of art, or an indispensable tool for the exploration of science. Depend ing upon composition, it can be made stronger than steell or soluble in water; a detector of nuclear radiations2 or the source of a powerful laser beam.3,4 Certain composi tions are known to possess either negative, zero or posi tive expansion coefficients. still others are colorless or black, or even variable in their light transmissive pro perties.5,6,7 Electrical conductivities can vary from 10-3 - 10_18 ohm-l cm-l with both electronic and ionic type mechanisms being clearly substantiated. Paramagnetic or diamagnetic glasses can also be made, depending again upon choice of composition. Given this enormous diversity of properties, it is clear as to why the use of glass might transcend many industries and fields of science. It is also found in nature. Terrestrial (obsidian), celestial (tektites) and more recently, lunar varieties have been identified. By in large this diversity can be attributed to any or all of the following factors: 1) The composition of glasses may vary over wide limits and includes 60 of the chemical elements. 1
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