Introduction to Geospatial Technologies PDF
Preview Introduction to Geospatial Technologies
2 3 Vice President, STEM: Ben Roberts Editorial Program Director: Andrew Dunaway Program Manager: Jennifer Edwards Editorial Assistant: Alexandra Hudson Marketing Manager: Shannon Howard Marketing Assistant: Savannah DiMarco Senior Media Project Manager: Chris Efstratiou Director, Content Management Enhancement: Tracey Kuehn Managing Editor: Lisa Kinne Senior Content Project Manager: Harold Chester Senior Workflow Project Supervisor: Susan Wein Senior Workflow Project Manager: Paul Rohloff Production Supervisor: José Olivera Project Management: Lumina Datamatics, Inc. Permissions Manager: Jennifer MacMillan Photo Editor: Sheena Goldstein Director of Design, Content Management: Diana Blume Cover and Interior Design: Lumina Datamatics, Inc. Art Manager: Matthew McAdams Illustrations: Dragonfly Media Group; Maps.com Composition: Lumina Datamatics, Inc. Cover Photos: Pete Saloutos/Image Source/Getty Images; Aerial Archives/Alamy; Ink Drop/Shutterstock Library of Congress Control Number: 2017950414 ISBN-13: 978-1-319-27075-9 (mobi) Copyright © 2018, 2016, 2014, 2012 by W. H. Freeman and Company 4 All rights reserved W. H. Freeman and Company One New York Plaza Suite 4500 New York, NY 10004-1562 www.macmillanlearning.com 5 Dedication This book is dedicated to my parents, David and Elizabeth, who taught me that with a lot of hard work— and a little luck—all things are possible. 6 About the Author Bradley A. Shellito is a geographer whose work focuses on the application of geospatial technologies. Dr. Shellito has been a professor at Youngstown State University (YSU) since 2004, and was previously a faculty member at Old Dominion University. He teaches classes on GIS, remote sensing, GPS, and 3D visualization, and his research interests involve using these concepts within a variety of real-world issues. His second book, Discovering GIS and ArcGIS, was also published by Macmillan Learning. He also serves as YSU’s Principal Investigator in OhioView, a statewide geospatial consortium. A native of the Youngstown area, Dr. Shellito received his bachelor’s degree from YSU, his master’s degree from the Ohio State University, and his doctorate from Michigan State University. 7 Contents in Brief Part 1 Geospatial Data and GPS 1 It’s a Geospatial World Out There 2 Where in the Geospatial World Are You? 3 Getting Your Data to Match the Map 4 Finding Your Location with the Global Positioning System Part 2 Geographic Information Systems 5 Working with Digital Geospatial Data and GIS 6 Using GIS for Spatial Analysis 7 Using GIS to Make a Map 8 Getting There Quicker with Geospatial Technology Part 3 Remote Sensing 9 Remotely Sensed Images from Above 10 How Remote Sensing Works 11 Images from Space 12 Studying Earth’s Climate and Environment from Space Part 4 Geospatial Applications 13 Digital Landscaping 14 See the World in 3D 15 Life in the Geospatial Cloud and Other Current Developments 8 Contents Preface PART 1 Geospatial Data and G CHAPTER 1 It’s a Geospatial World Out There An Introduction to Geospatial Technologies, Geospatial Jobs, Geospatial Data, Volunteered Geographic Information, Geolocation, and Google Earth What Is Geospatial Technology? Who Uses Geospatial Technology? What Is Geospatial Data? What Does All This Have to Do with Geography? What Is Geolocation? What Is Google Earth? Geospatial Lab Application 1.1: Introduction to Geospatial Concepts and Google Earth Pro Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology 1.1 What Happens to Privacy in a Geospatial World? Hands-on Application 1.1 Industries Using Geospatial Technology 1.2 Jobs in the Geospatial Field 1.3 The National Map 1.4 Mapping Data Layers Online 1.5 Examining Real Estate Values Online 1.6 Geospatial Technology and Emergency Preparedness 1.7 The Geospatial Revolution Will Be Televised 1.8 User-Generated Geospatial Content Online 1.9 Where Am I Right Now? Geospatial Apps Geospatial Technologies in Social Media CHAPTER 2 Where in the Geospatial World Are You? Locations in a Digital World, Position Measurements, Datums, Coordinate Systems, GCS, Map Projections, UTM, and SPCS What Is a Datum? What Is a Geographic Coordinate System? How Can Real-World Data Be Translated onto a Two-Dimensional Surface? What Is UTM? What Is SPCS? Geospatial Lab Application 2.1: Coordinates and Position Measurements Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology 2.1 Do You Really Need Printed Maps in a Digital World? Hands-on Application 2.1 Great Circle Distance Calculations 9 2.2 Examining the Effects of Different Map Projections 2.3 Converting from Latitude/Longitude to UTM 2.4 Using the State Plane Coordinate System Projection and Coordinate System Apps Coordinate Systems and Projections in Social Media CHAPTER 3 Getting Your Data to Match the Map Reprojecting, Georeferencing, Control Points, and Transformations How Can You Align Different Geospatial Datasets to Work Together? What Is Georeferencing? How Can Data Be Georeferenced? How Is Data Transformed to a Georeferenced Format? 76 Geospatial Lab Application 3.1: Georeferencing an Image Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology 3.1 What Happens When Measurements Don’t Match Up? 3.2 What Happens When the Georeferencing Is Wrong? Hands-on Application 3.1 David Rumsey Historical Map Collection 3.2 Online Georeferencing Resources 3.3 Georeferenced Historical Maps and the Spyglass 3.4 An Overview of the Georeferencing Process in ArcGIS Georeferencing Apps Georeferencing in Social Media CHAPTER 4 Finding Your Location with the Global Positioning System GPS Origins, Position Measurement, Errors, Accuracy, GNSS around the World, Applications, and Geocaching Who Made GPS? What Does the Global Positioning System Consist Of? How Does GPS Find Your Position? Why Isn’t GPS Perfectly Accurate? How Can You Get Better Accuracy from GPS? What Other GNSS Are There Beyond GPS? What Are Some Applications of GPS? Geospatial Lab Application 4.1: GNSS Applications Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology 4.1 What Happens If GPS Stops Working? Hands-on Application 4.1 Trilateration Concepts 4.2 Things to Do Before You Go Geocaching GPS Apps GPS and GNSS in Social Media PART 2 Geographic Information Systems 10
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