Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Clinical and Social Psychological Perspectives

379 Pages·2020·5.011 MB·English

by  Lenore E. Walker, David Shapiro, Stephanie Akl

Lenore E. Walker
David Shapiro
Stephanie Akl
Introduction
to Forensic
Psychology
Clinical and Social Psychological Perspectives
Second Edition
Introduction to Forensic Psychology
Lenore E. Walker David Shapiro
(cid:129) (cid:129)
Stephanie Akl
Introduction to Forensic
Psychology
Clinical and Social Psychological
Perspectives
Second Edition
123
Lenore E. Walker DavidShapiro
Nova SoutheasternUniversity Nova SoutheasternUniversity
Fort Lauderdale, FL,USA Fort Lauderdale, FL,USA
StephanieAkl
Nova SoutheasternUniversity
Fort Lauderdale, FL,USA
ISBN978-3-030-44468-6 ISBN978-3-030-44470-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44470-9
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2ndedition:©SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC,partofSpringerNature2020
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Contents
Part I What is Forensic Psychology?
1 Introduction to Forensic Psychology ... .... .... ..... .... 3
2 Models of Legal Systems: Spotlight on the United States.... 15
3 Admissibility of Expert Testimony. .... .... .... ..... .... 25
Part II Understanding the Criminal Mind
4 Criminal Responsibility.. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 37
5 Competency to Stand Trial... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 53
6 Self-Defense and Syndrome Testimony . .... .... ..... .... 69
7 Death Penalty Cases .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 87
8 Clinical and Forensic Assessment.. .... .... .... ..... .... 95
9 Therapeutic Jurisprudence and Problem-Solving Courts.... 111
10 Psychological Interventions in Forensic Settings.. ..... .... 121
Part III Can Psychologists Measure Pain and Suffering?
11 Civil Law: U.S. Personal Injury Torts.. .... .... ..... .... 139
12 Risk Assessment and Involuntary Commitment .. ..... .... 155
13 Immigration and Refugee Issues... .... .... .... ..... .... 173
Part IV Family Law and Fitness to Parent
14 Family Law: Marriage and Divorce.... .... .... ..... .... 185
15 Custody and Access to Children... .... .... .... ..... .... 203
16 ProtectionofAbusedChildren,theMentallyandPhysically
Challenged, and the Elderly.. .... .... .... .... ..... .... 227
17 Reproductive Rights and Assisted Reproductive
Technologies.. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 239
v
vi Contents
Part V Juvenile Justice
18 Juvenile Justice ... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 261
19 School Violence ... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 277
20 Legal Rights of Children. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 291
Part VI Legal Consultation Based on Social Psychology
21 Discrimination and Sexual Harassment. .... .... ..... .... 309
22 Eyewitness Identification. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 325
23 Jury Selection and Psychology of the Trial.. .... ..... .... 337
Part VII Practical Tips for Forensic Psychology Experts
24 Forensic Experts and Attorneys: Communication
Process.. .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 351
25 Malpractice and Risk Management .... .... .... ..... .... 365
26 Ethical Issues in Forensic Settings . .... .... .... ..... .... 375
Case Citations .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 387
Index ... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 391
About the Authors
Dr. Lenore E. Walker and Dr. David Shapiro are two of the pioneers in the
field of forensic psychology. Together with Dr. Stephanie Akl, they are
professors of psychology at the Nova Southeastern University College of
Psychologytrainingdoctoralandmaster’sgraduatestudentsstudyingclinical
forensic psychology. They all also have a small independent practice of
forensic psychology where they provide evaluations and testimony in cases
in the U.S. and other countries.
Dr. Lenore E. Walker became known for her expert witness testimony in
high publicity cases where battered women killed their abusive partners.
Explainingthecounter-intuitivebehaviorofabusedwomenwhodonotleave
their abusive partners, Walker became known for applying research and
clinical practice to criminal, family law, and juvenile cases. She also served
as O. J. Simpson’s psychologist on his trial as well as televised appearances
inothercases.Sheisauthorofover25booksincludingTheBatteredWoman
Syndrome, 4th Edition, Handbook on Sex Trafficking with Giselle Gaviria
and Kalyani Gopal, and Forensic Practice for the Mental Health Clinician
withDavidShapiroandnumerousbookchaptersandarticles inprofessional
journals.
Dr. David Shapiro is sometimes known as the ‘father’ of clinical forensic
psychology since many forensic psychologists have taken his courses in the
many subfields in forensics. Former chief psychologist for the State of
MarylandDepartmentofCorrectionsanddirectorofpre-trialevaluationsfor
the forensic division at St. Elizabeth’s Hospital, Shapiro has followed the
developmentofpsychologyandthelawoverfortyyearsspecializinginboth
criminallawandinethicsandmalpracticeissues.Healsoservedasanexpert
witnessintheLorenaBobbittcaseaswellasotherhighpublicitycasessuch
as John Hinckley. He is author or co-author of over 15 books including
Forensic Psychological Assessment: An Integrative Approach, Surviving a
Licensing Board Complaint, Malpractice in Psychology: A Practical
ResourceforClinicians,RiskAssessmentinClinicalPractice,BestPractices
fortheMentallyIllintheCriminalJusticeSystem,andRetryingLeopoldand
Loeb: A Neuropsychological Perspective along with Walker in the Forensic
Practice for the Mental Health Clinician and numerous book chapters and
articles in professional journals.
vii
viii AbouttheAuthors
Dr.StephanieAklisintheindependentpracticeofforensicpsychologyafter
graduating from the Nova Southeastern University College of Psychology’s
clinicalforensicprogram.Sheiscurrentlyanadjunctprofessortheretraining
doctoral and master’s degree students in clinical forensic psychology. She
has specialized in family psychology and in assessment and treatment of
thoseexperiencingtraumaandabuse.Shehastestifiedincaseswhereabused
womenandchildrenhavekilledtheirabusersinself-defenseinvariousstates
acrosstheU.S.Shehasdevelopedavirtualreality programforhelpingtrain
psychologistswhowanttoworkintheproblem-solvingcourtsafterstudying
the mental health court.
Part I
What is Forensic Psychology?
1
Introduction to Forensic Psychology
Introduction references and clear discussion of concepts for
yearstocome,wehopeitwillleaveanimpacton
your work and the way you think about the
Forensic psychology is the study of the integra-
connections between professions.
tionofpsychologyandthelaw.Itisanewblend
of two old professions—psychology, which is
the study of human behavior, and law, which is
History
thestudyofhowpeoplerulethemselvesinsocial
situations. Psychologists generally use the sci-
entificmethodofinductiontounderstandhuman Although it is fairly recent, perhaps only in the
behavior while lawyers use reason or the last forty years or so, that psychologists have
deductive method of inquiry to understand legal been regularly testifying in American courts the
issues. Each discipline uses different methods to application of science to the study of legal
interpretandsolveproblems.Liketheoldsaying problems can be traced back over 100 years ago
that “two heads are better than one,” we believe inEurope(Goldstein,2003).In1896,Albertvon
that using the knowledge, information, and Schrenck-Notzingclaimstohaveofferedthefirst
techniques of both disciplines to better under- expert witness testimony in Munich, Germany.
stand simple and complex problems is the best Histestimonydealtwithpretrialpublicityandthe
waytofind“truth.”Table 1.1givesacomparison impact it might have on a person’s later memo-
ofhowtruthisdiscernedusingthetoolsfoundin ries. Von Schrenck-Notzing supposedly used
the study of law and in psychology. psychological research published the previous
This book is written from the perspective of year, 1895, about the conditions that can make
psychologists using their knowledge, informa- testimonyinaccuratetoassistthecourtinmaking
tion,andtechniquestohelpattorneysandjudges itsdecision.In1901,WilliamSternpublishedthe
better solve legal problems. In order to provide firstknownjournalonthepsychologyofforensic
the most help for the legal profession, it is testimonycalledtheBetragezurPsychologieder
importanttounderstandtherulesandpracticesof Aussage.
eachdiscipline.Theauthors,whoareallforensic Some attribute the interests in studying the
psychologists, attempt to present these concepts criminal mind in the U.S. to Hugo Munsterberg,
here. Whether you are using this book as a first anexperimentalpsychologistwhowastrainedin
stepping-stone into the field of forensic psy- Germany and came to Harvard University to set
chology, or pulling it “off the shelf” for useful up a psychology laboratory in 1892 at the invi-
©SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC,partofSpringerNature2020 3
L.E.Walkeretal.,IntroductiontoForensicPsychology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44470-9_1