Introduction To Flight

636 Pages·2004·10.73 MB·English

INTRODUCTION TO FLIGHT
McGraw-Hill Series in Aeronautical and Aerospace Engineering
John D. Anderson, Jr., University of Maryland
Consulting Editor
Anderson: Fundamentals of Aerodynamics
Anderson: Hypersonic and High Temperature Gas Dynamics
Anderson: Introduction to Flight
Anderson: Modern Compressible Flow: With Historical Perspective
D'Azzo and Houpis: Linear Control System Analysis and Design
Kane, Likins and Levinson: Spacecraft Dynamics
Nelson: Flight Stability and Automatic Control
Peery and Azar: Aircraft Structures
Rivello: Theory and Analysis of Flight Structures
Schlichting: Boundary Layer Theory
White: Viscous Fluid Flow
Wiesel: Spaceflight Dynamics
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INTRODUCTION
TO
FLIGHT
Third Edition
John D. Anderson, Jr.
Professor of Aerospace Engineering
University of Maryland
McGraw-Hill Book Company
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This book was set in Times Roman by Science Typographers, Inc.
The editors were Anne T. Brown, Lyn Beamesderfer, and Scott Amerman;
the production supervisor was Salvador Gonzales.
The cover was designed by Nicholas Krenitsky.
R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company was printer and binder.
Cover Photograph Credits
The Wright Brothers-The Bettmann Archive
The Space Shuttle Columbia-NASA
INTRODUCTION TO FLIGHT
Copyright© 1989, 1985, 1978 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the
United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be
reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in
a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission
of the publisher.
234567890 DOC DOC 8932109
ISBN 0-07-001641-0
ISBN 0-07-001641-0
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Anderson, John David.
Introduction to flight/ John D. Anderson, Jr.--3rd ed.
p. cm.--(McGraw-Hill series in aeronautical and aerospace
engineering)
Includes bibliographies and index.
ISBN 0-07-001641-0
1. Aerodynamics. 2. Airplanes--Design and construction.
I. Title. II. Series.
TL570.A68 1989
629.l--dcl9 88-20988
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Dr. John D. Anderson, Jr. was born in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, on October 1,
1937. He attended the University of Florida, graduating in 1959 with high honors
and a Bachelor of Aeronautical Engineering Degree. From 1959 to 1962, he was a
Lieutenant and Task Scientist at the Aerospace Research Laboratory at Wright
Patterson Air Force Base. From 1962 to 1966, he attended the Ohio State
University under the National Science Foundation and NASA Fellowships,
graduating with a Ph.D. in Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering. In 1966
he joined the U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory as Chief of the Hypersonic
Group. In 1973, he became Chairman of the Department of Aerospace Engineer
ing at the University of Maryland, and since 1980 has been professor of
Aerospace Engineering at Maryland. In 1982, he was designated a Distinguished
Scholar/Teacher by the university. During 1986-1987, while on sabbatical from
the university, Dr. Anderson occupied the Charles Lindbergh chair at the
National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution.
Dr. Anderson has published five books: Gasdynamic Lasers: An Introduction,
Academic Press (1976), and with McGraw-Hill, Introduction to Flight, 2d edition
(1985), * Modern Compressible Flow (1982), Fundamentals of Aerodynamics (1984),
and Hypersonics and High Temperature Gas Dynamics (1989). He is the author of
over 80 papers in radiative gasdynamics, re-entry aerothermodynamics,
gasdynamic and chemical lasers, computational fluid dynamics, applied aero
dynamics, and hypersonic flow. Dr. Anderson is in Who's Who in America, and
is a Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. He is also
a Fellow of the Washington Academy of Sciences, and a member of Tau Beta Pi,
Sigma Tau, Phi Kappa Phi, Phi Eta Sigma, The American Society for Engineer
ing Education, and the American Physical Society.
*3d edition (1989).

To Sarah-Allen, Katherine,
AND Elizabeth Anderson,
FOR ALL THEIR LOVE
AND UNDERSTANDING

CONTENTS
Preface to the Third Edition xv
Preface to the First Edition xvii
Chapter 1 The First Aeronautical Engineers 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Very Early Developments 3
1.3 Sir George Cayley (1773-1857)-The True Inventor
of the Airplane 6
1.4 The Interregnum-From 1853 to 1891 12
1.5 Otto Lilienthal (1848-1896)-The Glider Man 17
1.6 Percy Pilcher (1867-1899)-Extending the Glider Tradition 19
1.7 Aeronautics Comes to America 20
1.8 Wilbur (1867-1912) and Orville (1871-1948) Wright-
Inventors of the First Practical Airplane 26
1.9 The Aeronautical Triangle-Langley, the Wrights,
and Glenn Curtiss 35
1.10 The Problem of Propulsion 44
1.11 Faster and Higher 45
1.12 Chapter Summary 48
Chapter 2 Fundamental Thoughts 50
2.1 Fundamental Physical Quantities of a Flowing Gas 50
A Pressure 51
B Density 52
c
Temperature 53
D Flow Velocity and Streamlines 53
2.2 The Source of All Aerodynamic Forces 56
2.3 Equation of State for a Perfect Gas 57
2.4 Discussion on Units 59
2.5 Specific Volume 63
2.6 Historical Note: The NACA and NASA 64
2.7 Chapter Summary 67
ix
X CONTENTS
Chapter 3 The Standard Atmosphere 69
3.1 Definition of Altitude 70
3.2 The Hydrostatic Equation 71
3.3 Relation between Geopotential and Geometric Altitudes 72
3.4 Definition of the Standard Atmosphere 74
3.5 Pressure, Temperature, and Density Altitudes 79
3.6 Historical Note: The Standard Atmosphere 80
3.7 Chapter Summary 82
Chapter 4 Basic Aerodynamics 84
4.1 The Continuity Equation 85
4.2 Incompressible and Compressible Flow 86
4.3 The Momentum Equation 88
4.4 A Comment 92
4.5 Elementary Thermodynamics 93
4.6 Isentropic Flow 98
4.7 The Energy Equation 101
4.8 Summary of Equations 103
4.9 The Speed of Sound 104
4.10 Low-Speed Subsonic Wind Tunnels 109
4.11 Measurement of Airspeed 112
A Incompressible Flow 115
B Subsonic Compressible Flow 118
c
Supersonic Flow 122
D Summary 126
4.12 Supersonic Wind Tunnels and Rocket Engines 126
4.13 Discussion on Compressibility 132
4.14 Introduction to Viscous Flow 133
4.15 Results for a Laminar Boundary Layer 141
4.16 Results for a Tubulent Boundary Layer 144
4.17 Transition 146
4.18 Flow Separation 149
4.19 Summary of Viscous Effects on Drag 154
4.20 Historical Note: Bernoulli and Euler 154
4.21 Historical Note: The Pitot Tube 156
4.22 Historical Note: The First Wind Tunnels 159
4.23 Historical Note: Osborne Reynolds and His Number 165
4.24 Historical Note: Prandtl and the Development of the Boundary
Layer Concept 169
4.25 Chapter Summary 172
Chapter 5 Airfoils, Wings, and Other Aerodynamic Shapes 178
5.1 Introduction 178
5.2 Airfoil Nomenclature 179
5.3 Lift, Drag, and Moment Coefficients 182
5.4 Airfoil Data 186
5.5 Infinite versus Finite Wings 192
5.6 Pressure Coefficient 194
5.7 Obtaining Lift Coefficient from CP 197