Introduction to epidemiology

204 Pages·2011·2.239 MB·English

by  Carneiro, Ilona, Howard, Natasha

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“Well structured, to the point and well documented with great t y [ F
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exercises. This is a remarkable book on basic epidemiology, o cu
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based on many years of experience and designed primarily for du Introduction to of N
self-learning students. It will also appeal to all those wanting a u
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This popular book introduces the principles, methods and application of p Second Edition 5.62
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epidemiology for improving health and survival. The book assists readers in d 58
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applying basic epidemiological methods to measure health outcomes, identifying e 17
risk factors for a negative outcome, and evaluating health interventions and health m ] at [0
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The book also helps to distinguish between strong and poor epidemiological lo 6]. C
evidence; an ability that is fundamental to promoting evidence-based health care. o
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This new edition has been carefully developed and includes: y righ
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(cid:2) A writing style and structure that helps the flow of learning M
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(cid:2) A broad range of examples and activities covering a range of raw
ccoernvtiecmalp coarnacreyr health issues including obesity, mental health and -Hill G
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(cid:2) Additional focus on developing countries SEedcitoionnd bal E
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(cid:2) Updated and additional exercises for self-testing uc
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(cid:2) A new chapter on study design n H
(cid:2) A new section on the application of epidemiology for monitoring C old
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and evaluation of health programmes rn gs, L
Introduction to Epidemiology 2nd editionis an ideal self-directed learning eir LC. N
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Ilona Carneirois a lecturer in infectious disease epidemiology at the London School of Hygiene a ute
atenadc Thrinogp,i cdaelv Meelodpicininge a (nLdS oHrTgMan).i sSihneg iesp ai dmeamlaiorilao greys ceoarucrhseesr .with substantial experience in rd d or mo
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Natasha Howardis a research fellow at LSHTM. She is a researcher on health in conflict-affected ified
settings and an experienced distance learning course in a
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developer, organiser and teacher. y w
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Lucianne Bailey, Katerina Vardulaki, Julia Langhamand w
Daniel Chandramohanwere authors of the first edition. itho
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Ilona Carneiro & Natasha Howard t p
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Cover design Hybert Design (cid:129)www.hybertdesign.com Lucianne Bailey, Katerina Vardulaki, issio
www.openup.co.uk Julia Langham & Daniel Chandramohan n.
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Introduction to Epidemiology f N
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Understanding Public Health series a
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Series editors: Ros Plowman and Nicki Thorogood, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. [ F
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Throughout the world, there is growing recognition of the importance of public health to sustainable, safe and healthy ulty
societies. The achievements of public health in nineteenth-century Europe were for much of the twentieth century o
overshadowed by advances in personal care, in particular in hospital care. Now, as we move into the new century, there f N
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muni cable diseases, eradicating environmental hazards, improving people’s diets and enhancing the availability and , C
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quality of effective healthcare. To achieve this, every country needs a cadre of knowledgeable public health practitioners ia
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with social, political and organizational skills to lead and bring about changes at international, national and local levels. gm
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This is one of a series of books that provides a foundation for those wishing to join in and contribute to the regen- i Un
eration of public health, helping to put the concerns and perspectives of public health at the heart of policy-making ive
and service provision. While each book stands alone, together they provide a comprehensive account of the three rsity
main aims of public health: protecting the public from environmental hazards, improving the health of the public and 5
ensuring high quality health services are available to all. Some of the books focus on methods, others on key topics. .62
They have been written by staff at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine with considerable experience .15
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of teaching public health to students from low, middle and high income countries. Much of the material has been .1
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developed and tested with postgraduate students both in face-to-face teaching and through distance learning. 7] a
The books are designed for self-directed learning. Each chapter has explicit learning objectives, key terms are t [07
highlighted and the text contains many activities to enable the reader to test their own understanding of the ideas /18
and material covered. Written in a clear and accessible style, the series is essential reading for students taking /16
postgraduate courses in public health and will also be of interest to public health practitioners and policy-makers. ]. C
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Titles in the series righ
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Analytical models for decision making: Colin Sanderson and Reinhold Gruen c
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Controlling communicable disease: Norman Noah raw
Economic analysis for management and policy: Stephen Jan, Lilani Kumaranayake, Jenny Roberts, Kara Hanson -H
and Kate Archibald ill G
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Economic evaluation: Julia Fox-Rushby and John Cairns (eds) b
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Environmental epidemiology: Paul Wilkinson (ed.) l E
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Environmental health policy: Megan Landon and Tony Fletcher ca
Financial management in health services: Reinhold Gruen and Anne Howarth tion
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Global change and health: Kelley Lee and Jeff Collin (eds) o
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Health care evaluation: Sarah Smith, Don Sinclair, Rosalind Raine and Barnaby Reeves in
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Health promotion practice: Maggie Davies, Wendy Macdowall and Chris Bonell (eds) s, L
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Health promotion theory: Maggie Davies and Wendy Macdowall (eds) C
Introduction to epidemiology, second edition: Ilona Carneiro and Natasha Howard . N
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Introduction to health economics, second edition: Lorna Guinness and Virginia Wiseman (eds) t to
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Issues in public health, second edition: Fiona Sim and Martin McKee (eds) e re
MMaedniacgailn agn hthearoltpho lsoegryv:i cReos:b Nerict kP oGoolo adnwd iWn, eRnezinehl oGledi sGslreuren and Valerie Iles distrib
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Principles of social research: Judith Green and John Browne (eds) te
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Public health in history: Virginia Berridge, Martin Gorsky and Alex Mold or m
Understanding health services: Nick Black and Reinhold Gruen od
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Forthcoming titles: in
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Confl ict and health: Natasha Howard, Egbert Sondorp and Annemarie ter Veen (eds) ay
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Environment, health and sustainable development, second editon: Emma Hutchinson and Megan Landon ith
Making health policy, second edition: Kent Buse, Nicholas Mays and Gill Walt ou
Sexual health: a public health perspective: Kaye Wellings, Martine Collumbien, Wendy Macdowall and Kirstin t pe
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Mitchell issio
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Open University Press cu
McGraw-Hill Education lty
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McGraw-Hill House f N
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email: [email protected] niv
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world wide web: www.openup.co.uk rsity
and Two Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121-2289, USA 5.6
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First published 2005 7] a
Reprinted 2010 t [0
First published in this second edition 2011 7/1
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Copyright © London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine 2011 6
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All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism op
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and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or rig
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A catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library lob
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ISBN-13: 978-0-33-524461-4 l Ed
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ISBN-10: 0-33-524461-0 ca
eISBN: 978-0-33-524462-1 tion
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Typeset by Refi neCatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk LC
Printed in the UK by Bell & Bain Ltd, Glasgow. . N
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Fictitious names of companies, products, people, characters and/or data that may be used t to b
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herein (in case studies or in examples) are not intended to represent any real individual, re
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To Ariana and Alesia Marin Carneiro i U
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and rsity
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Alya Howard .62
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List of fi gures ix ai U
List of tables xi niv
PArcekfnacoew ledgements xxivii ersity 5
Overview of the book 1 .62
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Section 1: Key principles of epidemiology 3 .11
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1 Principles of epidemiology 5 ] at [0
2 Measuring the frequency of outcomes 17 7/1
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3 Measures of association and impact 27 /1
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4 Interpreting associations 43 ]. C
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Section 2: Epidemiological research studies 57 rig
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5 Study design and handling data 59 t ©
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6 Ecological studies 75 c
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7 Cross-sectional studies 93 ra
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8 Cohort studies 100 -H
9 Case-control studies 110 ill G
10 Intervention studies 118 lob
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Section 3: Epidemiology in public health 135 uc
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11 Prevention strategies 137 n
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12 Surveillance, monitoring and evaluation 155 old
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Glossary 171 s, L
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Index 181 C
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