Introduction to Environmental Forensics, Third Edition PDF
Preview Introduction to Environmental Forensics, Third Edition
INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL FORENSICS THIRD EDITION Edited by B L. M RIAN URPHY R D. M OBERT ORRISON AMSTERDAM(cid:129)BOSTON(cid:129)HEIDELBERG(cid:129)LONDON NEWYORK(cid:129)OXFORD(cid:129)PARIS(cid:129)SANDIEGO SANFRANCISCO(cid:129)SINGAPORE(cid:129)SYDNEY(cid:129)TOKYO AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,Oxford,OX51GB 525BStreet,Suite1800,SanDiego,CA92101-4495,USA Firstedition2001 Secondedition2007 Thirdedition2015 Copyright(cid:1)2015ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved. 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BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ISBN:978-0-12-404696-2 ForinformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteatstore.elsevier.com PrintedandboundinChina 15161718 10987654321 About the Editors Brian L.Murphy BrianL.MurphyisaPrincipalScientistatExponent,Inc.Trainedas a physicist, he has more than 30 years of experience in data analysis andmathematicalmodelingofpollutantfateandtransportinvarious media.Heistheauthorofmorethan30journalpublications.Heisalso co-editor with Robert Morrison of the Academic Press texts, Introduc- tiontoEnvironmentalForensicsandEnvironmentalForensics:Contaminant SpecificGuideandco-authorwithDr.MorrisonoftheRoyalSocietyof Chemistrytext,ChlorinatedSolvents:AForensicEvaluation.Heisonthe editorial board of the journal Environmental Forensics. His environ- mental forensics practice specializes in chlorinated solvents, dose reconstruction for toxic torts, historical reconstruction of contami- nating events at former manufactured gas plants, and air dispersion modeling, both indoors and outdoors, including building vapor intrusion. He also has a particular interest in the mathematical underpinningsof environmental science. Brian L.Murphy 3633 John Moore Road Brandon, Florida 33511 [email protected] Robert D.Morrison, Ph.D. Dr.RobertD.MorrisonhasaB.S.inGeology,aM.S.inEnvironmen- tal Studies, a M.S. in Environmental Engineering, and a Ph.D. in Soil Physics from the University of Wisconsin at Madison. Dr. Morrison has worked for 44 years as an environmental consultant on projects relatedtosoilandgroundwatercontamination,includingsiteinvestiga- tionsandremediation.Dr.Morrisoncurrentlyspecializesintheforensic review and interpretation of scientific data for the purpose of identi- fyingthesourceandageofacontaminantrelease. Dr.Morrisonistheco-founder oftheInternationalSociety ofEnvi- ronmentalForensics(ISEF)andtheInternationalNetworkofEnviron- mentalForensics(INEF)aswellashavingservedasChiefEditorofthe xi xii ABOUTTHEEDITORS JournalofEnvironmentalForensicsandontheeditorialboardofGroundWaterandGroundWaterMoni- toring Review and Remediation, among others. Dr. Morrison wrote the first book on environmental forensics in 1999 and is often credited with coining the term environmental forensics in the peer- reviewedliterature.Dr.Morrisonistheauthororco-authorof15booksandnumerouspeer-reviewed articles,the majority of which address environmental forensicsubjects. RobertD.Morrison SoilPhysicist P.O.Box 195 Hawi,HI 96719 USA [email protected] About the Authors Paul D.Boehm Dr.PaulD.Boehm,Ph.D.isPrincipalScientistandGroupVicePres- ident for Exponent’s Environmental business. During 38 years of consulting, he has advised industrial, legal, and government clients onscientificmattersinvolvingmanyaspectsofenvironmental,analyt- ical,andforensicchemistryaswellaspetroleumchemistryandnatural gasgeochemistry.Heisaleadingpractitionerandarecognizedexpert inthefield of environmental forensicsasappliedtositeandsediment investigations; environmental fate of chemicals; and natural resource damage assessments (NRDA) for oil spills and contaminated sites. Many of his projects involve aspects of historical reconstruction of chemical releases; chemical fingerprinting; divisibility and apportion- ment;andchemicalexposureandinjuryassessment.Hehasprovided experttechnicalsupportintheareasofanalytical,environmental,and geo-chemistry involving petroleum hydrocarbons e crude oils, refined fuels, and fuel additives e polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), other chlorinated organics,solvents(TCE,PCE),andmetals.Dr.Boehmhaspublishedextensivelyandbeenappointed to serve on several national panels on environmental/marine pollution and has served on several NationalResearchCouncilpanels.E-mail:[email protected] Shelley Bookspan Shelley Bookspan, a historian of technology, has specialized in designing,conducting,andtestifyingabouthistoricalresearchandanal- ysis for environmental forensics matters since the 1980s. In her work, shehasinvestigatedpastlanduseandindustrialpracticesinmostparts of the United States and in several global countries. Among the nu- merousindustriesshehasstudiedareoil,mining,metallurgy,transpor- tation, chemicals and pesticides, forestry, and electricity generation. Dr.Bookspanhasparticularinterestandexpertiseinexaminingchanges in standards and practices over time, and assessing the bases for such changes. Her offices are in Santa Barbara, California. Her website is: www.shelleybookspan.com.E-mail:[email protected] xiii xiv ABOUTTHEAUTHORS Richard S.Brown RichardS.Brown,M.S.isamicroscopistandanExecutiveDirector atMVAScientificConsultantsinAtlanta,Georgia.Since1989Richhas appliedlightandelectronmicroscopytosmallparticleproblemsinthe environmentalforensicsfieldtocharacterizeandidentifytheparticles and determine their source(s). Rich received his Master’s degree in Forensic Chemistry and worked as a Criminalist doing crime scene investigation and trace evidence examination at the Orange County Sheriff-Coroner Department in Santa Ana, California. Rich has testi- fied in court as an expert witness and is a member of the California Association of Criminalists, the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, andisadiplomateoftheAmericanBoardofCriminalistics. E-mail: [email protected] Judith C. Chow Dr.JudithC.Chow,NazirandMaryAnsariChairinEntrepreneur- ialism and Science and Research Professor in the Division of Atmo- spheric Sciences (DAS) at the Desert Research Institute (DRI; http:// www.dri.edu),has more than35 years’ experiencein atmospheric,air quality,andenvironmentalhealthresearchandeducation.Asfounder and leader of DRI’s Environmental Analysis Facility (EAF), she heads a group of w30 research scientists and technicians in developing and applying advanced analytical methods to characterize suspended atmosphericparticlesforsourceattributionandtheireffectsonvisibility andhealth.Dr.ChowisamemberofthegraduatefacultyintheDepart- ment of Environmental Science and Health and Atmospheric Sciences Program in the Department of Physics at the University of Nevada, Reno(UNR),wheresheadvisesgraduatestudentsworkingonMaster’s andDoctoraldegrees.HercurrentstrategicprioritiesincludeexpansionofEAFcapabilitiestoobtain more information from archived samples of existing monitoring networks using thermal and mass spectrometric technologies. Dr. Chow’s research includes assessment of contributions from seaport operations to adverse air quality in southern California; determining causes of atmospheric damage to the Terra-Cotta figures in Xi’an, China; measuring real-world emissions in Canada’s Oil Sands Region;andquantifyingorganicandelementalcarbonaturbanandnon-urbanlocationsinU.S.partic- ulate matter networks. She has been principal investigator or a major collaborator on more than 50 largeatmosphericstudiesandmanysmallerones.DuringhercareeratDRI,Dr.Chowhasestablished cooperativeagreementsandcollaborativeresearchprojectswithenvironmentalscientistsintheHong KongSpecialAdministrativeRegion,mainlandChina,Taiwan,Japan,Korea,India,Canada,Mexico, El Salvador, Chile, New Zealand, Australia, Austria, Germany, Croatia, Italy, South Africa, and Antarctica.Herresearchleadershipcrossestraditionaluniversitydepartmentallineseinvolvingchem- ists, physicists, biologists, engineers, toxicologists, epidemiologists, and physicians. Dr. Chow is the principal author or co-author of w335 peer-reviewed journal articles, w95 peer-reviewed book xv ABOUTTHEAUTHORS chapters, w810 formal presentations at technical conferences and training sessions, and w240 technical reports. She has been recognized by ISIHighlyCited.com in ecology and environment with morethan13,[email protected] JulieCorley Julie Corley is a senior director in the FTI Consulting’s Environ- mental Solutions practice and Forensic History and Analysis group. With over twenty years’ experience as a consulting and expert histo- rianshehasresearchedawiderangeofsubjectsrelatingtoindustrial development and environmental issues. Many of the research topics she has explored have involved examining the impacts of industrial operations on the environment. Ms. Corley specializes in using forensic historical research techniques to implement Potentially ResponsibleParty,naturalresourcedamages,contaminatedsediment site, and regional groundwater contamination investigations. E-mail: [email protected] Lorna A.Dawson ProfessorLornaA.DawsonisaPrincipalSoilScientistattheJames Hutton Institute and Head of the Forensic Soil Science Group, with over 25 years’ experience in managing and conducting research in soilscience.ShecurrentlymanagesandadvisesontheEnvironmental ChangeprogramwithintheScottishGovernment‘sStrategicResearch. AkeyroleisrepresentinganddevelopingtheStrategicProgramme’s impact within policy and toward economic growth and innovation. SheisaffiliatedtoAberdeenandRobertGordonUniversities,contrib- uting to the Archaeology, Soils, Environmental, and Forensic Science courses for Honors students. She is a visiting Professor at RGU and anexternalexamineratStrathclydeUniversity.Lornahassupervised over 20 Ph.D. projects and has published over 60 refereed journal papers and books (Springer, 2009; The Geological Society, London, 2013). She is an editor for journals ISRN Soil Science and Materials Research Bulletin. She has a BSc (Hons)fromEdinburghUniversity,aPh.D.fromAberdeenUniversity,anddiplomasincivilandcrim- inal law from Cardiff University. She developed the application of soil organo-mineral markers in forensic investigations, is treasurer of an international Geoforensics network (IUGS Initiative on Forensic Geology), is a trained court expert witness, and has worked on over 40 cases in the UK and abroad. She regularly presents evidence in courts in Scotland, England, Wales, and Australia, workingbothwithprosecutionanddefense.LornaisontheGeneralCommitteeoftheBritishScience Association, Chair of the Scottish Government’s Knowledge Exchange Group, and has worked with media on programs such as “Silent Witness,” “Vera,” and “Countryfile” and has collaborated with several leading international crime authors in the public communication of science, including Ann Cleeves,MarkBillingham,andStuartMacBride.E-mail:[email protected] xvi ABOUTTHEAUTHORS GregoryS. Douglas Gregory S. Douglas holds a Ph.D. in Oceanography from the University of Rhode Island and is a senior scientist at NewFields Environmental Practice, LLC in Rockland, Massachusetts. Dr. Douglas has over 30 years’ environmental chemistry and forensic investigation experienceand has developed innovativeanalyticaltools forthemoni- toring and quantification of petroleum contamination and biodegrada- tioninsoilandsediments.Hehaswritteninterpretivereportsonmore than 200 environmental site or incident investigations associated with retail gasoline stations, bulk fuel storage facilities, refineries, petroleum pipelines,andexplorationandproductionsitesandhasauthoredorco- authoredover50paperspublishedinscientificjournalsandscientifictext- books.Hisotherareasofexpertiseincludethemeasurementandenviron- mental chemistry of industrial chemicals and solvents, modern and persistentpesticides,insecticidesandfungicides,PCBcongenersandAroclors,dioxinsandfurans,metals, organo-metallic compounds, and petroleum-, natural gas-, coal-derived, and anthropogenic hydrocar- bonsintheenvironment.E-mail:gdouglas@newfields.com James I. Ebert James I. Ebert, Ph.D. is an archaeologist, anthropologist, and forensic scientist. He is Chief Scientist at Ebert & Associates, Inc., an Albuquerque, New Mexico, firm specializing in forensic, environ- mental, and archaeological applications of photogrammetry, photo analysis,remotesensing,anddigitalmappingandimagingtechnolo- gies.Heis aCertifiedPhotogrammetrist (American Society of Photo- grammetryandRemoteSensing),afellowoftheAmericanAcademy of Forensic Sciences, and a member of the New York State Police MedicolegalInvestigationsUnit. Since 1989, Dr. Ebert has conducted ongoingarchaeologicalandenvironmentalresearchinOlduvaiGorge in Tanzania with Rutgers University’s Olduvai Landscape Palaeoan- thropologicalProject. E-mail: [email protected] RobertEhrlich For the past 40 years, Dr. Robert Ehrlich has been a leader in applying image analysis and pattern recognition procedures in the earth and environmental sciences. Dr. Ehrlich has been editor of the journal Mathematical Geology and has published more than 100 papersontheapplicationofnumerictechniques,includingdevelop- ment of new algorithms. He was a Professor at the University of South Carolina, Department of Geological Sciences from 1974 to 1997, and has also held faculty appointments at Michigan State University and the University of Utah. His M.S. and Ph.D. degrees are from Louisiana State University. He was President of Residuum Energy Incorporated in Salt Lake City, and is now semi-retired. E-mail: [email protected] xvii ABOUTTHEAUTHORS Stephen D.Emsbo-Mattingly Stephen D. Emsbo-Mattingly, M.S., is a senior scientist at the NewFields Environmental Forensics Practice in Rockland Massachu- setts.Hehastwenty-fiveyearsofenvironmentalchemistryandforensic investigationexpertise.Mr.Emsbo-Mattinglyspecializesinthesource identificationofpetroleum,tar,PAHs,PCBs,dioxins,andchlorinated solvent products in the environment. His chemical fingerprinting expertiseinvolvesextensiveresearchconcerningtheprocesschemistry associated with petroleum and tar refineries, pavement producers, chemicalmanufacturers,metalfabricators,degreasingoperations,dry cleaning, avionics, electrical utilities, wood treaters, pipelines, hydraulicfracturing,oil&naturalgasdevelopment,railroading,auto- mobilemanufacturingandrecycling,circuitboardmanufacturing,and wastewatertreatmentplants.Mr.Emsbo-Mattingly’sresearchextends to natural ambient sources of contaminants, such as petroleum seeps, coal fires, and storm-water runoff.Hisprojectportfolioreflectsawiderangeofpublicandprivatesectorsponsorsinsupportof siteinvestigations,riskassessments,andliabilitymanagement,aswellascivilandcriminallitigation. E-mail:smattingly@newfields.com William Full Dr.WilliamFullhasspenthis35+yearcareerfocusingoncomputer applications and algorithm development in the geosciences, particu- larlyintheoilandgasbusiness.Hereceivedhisundergraduatedegree in mathematics from the University of Notre Dame, his Master’s degree in geophysics from the University of Illinois-Chicago Circle, andhisPh.D.ingeology(sedimentology)fromtheUniversityofSouth Carolina.In1982hereceivedtheAndreBorisovichVisteliusResearch Award for Young Geomathematicians from the International Associ- ation of Mathematical Geology. He has published many papers on information entropy and multivariate analysis and he was the prin- cipal developer of the Polytopic Vector Analysis procedure. Dr. Full was on the faculty of the Department of Geology at Wichita State Universityformorethan18yearsandhasalsoservedastheSeniorGeologistatChesapeakeEnergy. He is currently anindependent consultant. E-mail:[email protected] Thomas D. Gauthier Thomas D. Gauthier, Ph.D. is a Senior Science Advisor at ENVIRON International Corp. in Tampa, Florida. He has over 20 years of experience in analytical and environmental chemistry focusing on the transport and fate of chemicals in the environment, historical dose reconstruction,source identification and the statistical analysisofenvironmentalchemistrydata.Dr.Gauthierhasconsider- able experience addressing issues related to PAH contamination at former MGP sites, metals in soils, chlorinated solvents in ground- water, and volatile organic chemicals in indoor air. He has also worked on numerous environmental forensic investigations concern- ing a wide variety of contaminants, including dioxins/furans, lead, xviii ABOUTTHEAUTHORS petroleum,PCBs,metals,pesticides,andPCE.Dr.GauthierreceivedhisB.S.inChemistryfromMer- rimackCollegeandPh.D.inAnalyticalChemistryfromtheUniversityofNewHampshireandisthe author of more than 35 publications and presentations. E-mail:[email protected] A.J. Gravel A.J. Gravel is a Senior Managing Director in FTI Consulting Inc.’s Forensic Litigation and Consulting segment. He is the co-practice leaderoftheEnvironmentalSolutionsPracticeandheadstheForensic History and Analysis group. Mr. Gravel specializes in conducting retrospective analysis that examines the relationship between past activitiesandcurrentenvironmentalconditions.Thetypesofforensic historyinquiriesperformedbyMr.Gravelinclude:PRPinvestigations, past industrial waste generation and disposal, contaminant pathway analysis, Natural Resource Damages baseline investigations, land use and business operations histories, alternate causation, standard- of-care and industry practices studies, and government involve- ment/regulatorydevelopmentstudies.Mr.Gravelhasprovidedtesti- monyinboththeexpertand30(b)(6)contexts.Hisclienteleincludespublicandprivatesectorentities which he serves from his Washington, D.C.-area office. Mr. Gravel can be reached at aj.gravel@ fticonsulting.com MarkE. Hawley MarkE.Hawley,Ph.D.isaSeniorScienceAdvisoratEnvironInter- nationalCorp.inArlington,Virginia.Histechnicalspecialtiesinclude hydrology, statistics, modeling, and interpretation of environmental data. Dr. Hawley received a B.S. degree in Geology from Rensselaer PolytechnicInstituteandM.S.andPh.D.degreesinCivilEngineering (Water Resources/Hydrology) from the University of Maryland and wasformerlyanAssistantProfessorattheUniversityofVirginia.Since joiningENVIRONin1989,hehasmanagedandparticipatedinawide variety of projects related to site investigation and remediation, risk assessment, product safety, and management of industrial and hazardouswastes.Hehasservedasanexpertwitnessorprovidedliti- gationsupportincasesinvolvingthefateandtransportofpotentially hazardous substances including petroleum products, chlorinated solvents, metals,and PCBs.E-mail:[email protected] GlennW.Johnson Dr. Glenn W. Johnson’s expertise is in the area of environmental forensics, with a particular focus on multivariate statistical methods andthefateandtransportofPCBs,dioxinsandfuransintheenviron- ment. He spent seven years in environmental consulting with Roux Associates, Inc. (West Deptford, New Jersey) and McLaren/Hart Environmental Engineering, Corp (Philadelphia, PA). He has been at theEnergy&GeoscienceInstitute(EGI)attheUniversityofUtahsince 1995,where he has a faculty appointmentin the Departmentof Civil and Environmental Engineering. Dr. Johnson frequently consults andhasservedasanexpertwitnessinanumberofenvironmentalliti- gation matters involving multivariate statistics and environmental chemistry.E-mail: [email protected]
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