Table Of Content

d e n g i s s a n e e b e v a h s e m a n o N e. s u e d wi n i et y ot n s i plied sized. Apnthe dy ns e aen urbe f Pet oy Union ve not al· ha n7 o1 natid 1 rn ea Int15, 1 3, 1 1 en d I en ba s 6. ha1 n ,1 o4 ali11 gn2. si11 de0- p 1 u1 ros gt n 8 e 1m I le The efor Useful conversion factors Multiply By To Obtain. atmosphere (atm) lO1.325 kilopascal (kPa) Calorie (international) 4.1868 Joules (J) centipoise lO-3 Pa's centistoke 10-6 m2/s cubic meter (m3) 35.31 cubic feet (fe) cubic meter 1.308 cubic yard. (yd3) cubic meter 1,000.00 liter (L) cubic meterls 15,850.0 gallons/min (gpm) cubic meterls 22.8245 million galld (MGD) cubic meter/m2 24.545 gallons/sq ft (galltt2) cubic meter/d . m 80.52 galld . ft (gpdlft) cubic meter/d . m2 24.545 galld . ft2 (gpdltt2) cubic meterId . m2 1.0 meters/d (mid) days (d) 24.00 hours (h) days (d) 1,440.00 minutes (min) days (d) 86,400.00 seconds (s) dyne lO-5 Newtons'(N) erg 10-7 Joules (1) grains (gr) 6.480 X 10-2 grams (g) . grainslU.S. gallon 17.118 mgIL grams (g) 2.205 X 10-3 pounds mass (lbm) hectare (ha) 104 m2 Hertz (Hz) I cycle/s Joule (1) I N'm J/m3 2.684 X lO-5 Btu/ft3 kilogramlmJ (kglm3) 8.346 X 10-3 . Ibmlgal kilogramlmJ 1.6855 Ib /yd3 m kilogram/ha (kglha) 8.922 X 10-1 Ibm/acre kilogramlm2 (kglm2) 2.0482 X 10-1 Ibn/fr kilometers (lan) 6.2150 X 10-1 miles (mi) 1.3410 horsepower (hp) 3.600 megajou1es (MJ) lO-3 cubic meters (ml) 1,000.00 milliliters (mL) 1 2.642 X 10- U.s. gallons 1.1023 U.S. short tons 3.281 feet (ft) 2.2785 X 10-3 ftlmin 3.7975 X 10-5 meters/s (mls) 196.85 ftlmin 3.600 kmIh Illeters!s 2.237 mileslh (mph) micron (JL) 10-6 meters milligrams (mg) 10-3 grams (g) milligramsIL I glm3 milligramslL 10-3 kglm3 Newton(N) I kg'mls2 Pascal (Pa) 1 N/m2 Poise (P) lO-I Pa's square meter (m2) 2.471 X 10-4 acres square meter (m2) lO.7639 sq ft (ft2) square meterls 6.9589 X 106 gpdlft Stoke (St) 10-4 m2/s Watt{W) 1 lIs Watt/cu meter (W/m3 ) 3.7978 X 10-2 hp/l,OOO ft3 Wattlsq meter' °C (W/m2 . °C) 1.761 X lO-1 Btulh . ftl . OF INTRODU'CTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING The McGraw-Hili Series in Civil and EnvironmentatEngineering Engineering Economv Statics, Dynamics, and Mechanics of Crites and TchobanogJous: Small and Blank and Tarquin: Engineering Materials Decentralized Wastewater Managemen Economy Barber: Intermediate Mechanics of Systems Materials Davis and Cornwell: Introduction to Engineering Math and Statistics Beer and Johnston: Vector Mechanics for Environmental Engineering Milton and Amold: Introduction to Engineers: Statics Davis and Masten: Principles of Probability and Statistics: Principles Beer and Johnston: Vector Mechanics for Environmental Engineering and and Applications for Engineering Engineers: Dynamics Science and the Computing Sciences Beer and Johnston: Vector Meclum ics for de Nevers: Air Pollution Control Navidi: Statistics for Engineers and Engineers: Statics alld Dynamics Engineering Scientists Beer and Johnston: Mechanics of Eckenfelder: Industrial Water Pollutioll Reddy: Introduction to the finite Materials Control Element Method LaGrega, Buckingham, Evans: Construction Engineering and Fluid Mechanics Hazardous Waste Management Project Management Cengel and Cimbala: Fluid Mechanics Linsley, Franzini, Frey berg, and Raymond E. Levitt, Stanford University, Cimbala and Cengel: Essentials of Fluid Tchobanoglous: Water Resources Consulting Editor Mechanics Engineering Gengeland Turner: Fundamentals o/" Barrie and Paulson: Professional , Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., ThermalcFlllid Sciences Construction Management Tchobanoglous, Burton, and Stensel: Finnemore and Franzini: Fluid Bockrath: Contracts and the Legal Wastewater Engineering: Treatment WIC Mechanics with Engineerillg Envirol1ment for Ellgineers anc! Reuse Applications Architects Rittmann and McCarty: Environmcntal White: Fluid Mechanics Hinze: Constructioll Contracts Biotechnology: Principles (lnd Oberlender: Project Mallagelnellf for Applications Q~otechnical Engineering Engineering and Construction Rubin: Introduction to Engineering an£, Bowles: Foul/dation Analvsis alld Design Peurifoy and Oberlender: Estimating the Environment Bowles: Engineering Properties o{Soils Construction Costs Sawyer, McCarty, Parkin: Chemistryfo Peurifoy, Schexnayder, and Shapiw: Environmental Engineering Construction Planning, Equipment, Sturm: Open Channel Hydraulics and Methods Tchobanoglous, Theisen, Vigil: Schexnayder and Mayo: Constructioll Integrated Solid l4tlste Managemcnt: Management .Fundamentals Engineering Principles alld Mal1agelllCi Issues Transportation Engineering Others Titles of Interest EdwardK.M?rlok,Universityof Pennsylvania. Consulting Editor Budynas: Advanced Strength (lnd Banks: Introduction to Transportation Applied Stress Analysis Engineering Heerwagen: Passive and Active Meyerand Miller: Urban Transportation Environmental Controls: Informing Planning the Schematic Designing of Buildings Water Resources and Environmental Nilson, Darwin, and Dolan: Desigll of Engineering Concrete Structures George Tchobanoglous, University of Vinnakota: Steel Strucfllres: Behavior California, Davis. Consulting Editor and LRFD Benjamin: Water Chemistry Surveying Canter: Environmentalimpact Ahde(son and Mikhail: SlIrl'eyillg: Assessment Theoryand··Practice Chapra: Su1ace Water Quality Modeling WolfandDeWitt: Elements of Chow, Maidment, Mays: Applied PhotogrammellJ (with Applications Hydrology in GIS) INTRODUCTION TC ENVIRONMENTAI ENGINEERINC Fourth Editiol Mackenzie L. Davi Michigan State Universil David A. CornweJ Environmental Engineering &Technology, [nl Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA New York San Francisco St. Louis Bangkok Bogota Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi Santiago Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, FOURTH EDITION International Edition 2008 Exclusive rights by McGraw-Hili Education (Asia), for manufacture and export. This book cannot be re-exported from the country to which it is sold by McGraw-Hill. The International Edition is not available in North America. Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit ofThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Compani~s, Inc. All rights reserved. NO partof this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form pr by any means. or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent orThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or . transmission, or broadcast for distance learn ing. Some ancillaries, ineluding electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. 10 09 08 07 06 20 15 14 13 12 II 10 CTr SLP title,useISBN: 978-007-125922-4 or MHID: 007-125922-8 www.11lhhe.com To our students, who n1ake it worthwhile To Mack's wife Elaine, for her understanding and support these 44 years. To Mack's daughter, Laura Safran, son-in-law, John Safran. and especially to grand s6nsAaronandZachary Safran with the hope that those who use this book may make the environment of the future a sustainable one for you and all those generations that follow. To Nancy Cornwell for her assistance in revising the Solid Waste chapter 9 and all of her hard work in researching information for the Water Treatment chapter 4. Nancy is a recognized expert in the environmental field in her own right and her assistance and contributions are greatly appreciated. -:PREFACIi Following the format of previous editions, the fourth edition of Introduction to Envi ronmental Engineering is designed for use in an introductory sophomore-level engi neering course with sufficient depth to allow its use in more advanced courses. The book covers the basic, traditional subject matter that forms the foundation of more ad vanced courses. As such, it provides the fundamental science and engineering princi ples that instructors in more advanced courses may assume are common knowledge for an advanced undergraduate. In the more than 60 offerings of this course, we have found that mature college students in allied fields-such as biology, chemistry, re source development, fisheries and wildlife, microbiology and soils science-have no difficulty with the material. .Wehave assumed the students using this text have had courses in ehemistry, physics, and biology as well as sufficient mathematics to understand the concepts of dif ferentiation and integration. Basic and environmental chemistry concepts are introduced atthe beginning of the chapters in which they are relevant. This format integrates the chemistry fundamentals with their application to the subject matter of the chapter. It provides the student with the tools to analyze and understand the environmental engi neering issues described in the chapter, in addition to providing an immediate feedback of the relevance of the basic chemistry. There are over 100 end-of-chapter chemistry relat~dl?l'0bleIJJsspread throughout the text. In a similar manner, the fundamental con ceptsofmicrobiology are introduced as an introduction to biological treatment of wast~\yat:~.Inthemathematicalpresentations, wehave provided only a few derivations. i;:;-'l .... In?llfe~periet'lf:e~\themor~rigorous approach of derived mathematics may yield a even cQ"fusing-to the beginning ::~'I~sult;tl1qtjsnQtJnQrebut·.·lessdemonstrative-···and ..... ,...... '·student. f.·...~~~s~5e;!c~rtiedthr()uglrthetext.Thet1rstis an introduction to the concept 'jQc ··~.fm;~teri~lSal1d>energybalanceasa.toolfor.understanding environmental'processes .t[i&: an~s.olvingenvironmental engineering problems. This concept is introduced in a new ~tal1cl~qlonech~pteran9then applied for conservative systems in hydrology (hydro " .lq~i~.9y:cI~'Aeyelopmentofthe rational formula,and reservoir design). This theme is >;~~E~:e~PJl~.d~d>toinc1udesludge mass balance in Chapter 4, and the DO sag curve in Chap- terS.The design equations for a completely mixed activated sludge system and a more elaborate sludge mass balance are developed in Chapter 6. Mass balance is used to account for the production of sulfur dioxide from the combustion of coal and in the development of absorber design equations in Chapter 7. rn Chapter 10, a mass balance approachisused for waste audit. There are over 1.00 materials and energy balance end of-cha?terproblemsspread throughout the text. The second theme of the book is the concept of sustainability. First introduced in ChapterT, the methods of waste minimization are discussed in each succeeding chap tertmderthe topics of water conservation, sludge minimization in water treatment, land treatment of wastewater, protection of the ozone layer, global warming, resource X PREFACE conservation and recovery of solid waste, hazardous waste management, and reducti<O of the volume of radioactive waste. Each chapter concludes with a list of review items, the traditional end-of-chaptt~ problems, and, perhaps less traditional, discussion questions. The review items ha~, been written in the "objective" formatof the Accreditation Board for Engineering arr:~ Technology (ABET). Instructors will find this particularly helpful for directing studei~~ review for exams, for assessing continuous quality improvement for ABET andf<i preparing documentation for ABET curriculum review. We have found the discussioJl questions useful as a "minute check" or spot quiz item to see if the students understan! concepts as well as number crunching. .. The fourth edition has been thoroughly revised and updated. With the addition 222 new end-of-chapter problems there are now a total of 650 problems. Sixty-six the problems have been set up for spreadsheet solutions. The following paragraplff summarize the major changes in this edition. • A discussion of sustainability and a discussion ohhe process by which laws regulations are developed has been added to the first chapter. The discussion ethics has been expanded. • A new, stand-alone chapter on material and energy balances has been added. • The hydrology chapter has been reorganized and slimmed down. • The water treatment chapter has been revised to include a new treatment J(~: Henry's law, new material on waterborne disease and arsenic, updated wat~r:j quality standards, an updated technique for design of mixing systems, a new diJ~J cussion of membrane treatment technology, and a revised and expanded discu~·) sioh of ultraviolet disinfection. Two new example problems have been added. ~,~~~ • Juewaterqualitymanagement chapter has been expanded to include discussion~~: qfel1<focrine,<iisruptingcompOlmds (EDCs), total maximum daily load (TMDL!:=~ wat~rqllalitY~!llanagernent in. estuaries, and groundwater quality, including ud~J and saltwater intrusion into aquifers. cqntrQn~drele;;ts~sofcontaminants • Al1ewil1troduction, a· new section on treatment standards, and a new section m:errl~ranetreatrnenthave been added to the wastewater chapter. In addition, ~hapterhasb~enrearranged to place the microbiology review closer to the cationofmicrpbiology. to activated sludge treatment • The air pollution standards have been updated and new material on mercury@'j lead, and PM has been added to the air pollution chapter. In addition, the'P 2.5 tions on origin and fate, indoor air, acid rain, ozone depletion, global and control ofautomobile emissions have been updated. New discussions on alyticcombustion,baghouses, and mercury control have been added. Two example problems on catalytic combustion and baghouse design have added. • A revised introduction to the noise pollution chapter includes the impact of U"''''',l''€. ing loss on people, as well as the economic impact of noise pollution on civil gineering projects and businesses. A new discussion of the Lun concept and