Introduction to Electronic Warfare Modeling and Simulation

254 Pages·2006·8.64 MB·English

by  Adamy

Introduction to Electronic Warfare
Modeling and Simulation
David L. Adamy
SciTech Publishing, Inc
Raleigh, NC
www.scitechpub.com
/
Copyright 2006 by SciTech Publishing, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form
or by any means without prior written permission of the publisher.
First Artech House, Inc. edition 2003
First SciTech Publishing, Inc. edition 2006
Printed in the United States of America
ISBN: 1-891121-62-6
ISBN 13: 978-1-891121-62-3
Printed in the United States of America.
SciTech Publishing
911 Paverstone Drive, Suite B
Raleigh, NC 27615
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
www. scitechpub.com
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-PublicationD ata
Adamy, David
Introduction to electronic warfare modeling and simulatiodDavid L.
Adamy.
p. cm.-(SciTech Publishing, Inc.)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-891121-62-6
1. Electronics in military engineering-Mathematical models.
2. Electronics in military engineering- Computer simulation.
I. Title. 11. Series.
UG 4.85 .A3323 2002
355.4‘01’ 13-dc21 2002027779
Preface
Modeling and simulation, when done well, is an insightful pursuit. It starts
with an understanding of what is really happening, then proceeds to the
mathematical modeling of what is happening, and then-if necessary-to
the recreation of that reality from some point of view.
In electronic warfare (EW) modeling and simulation, the reality is an
array of threats-emitting threat-related signals-received by EW systems.
Models capture the action and either determine what will happen if various
trade-offs are made or reproduce that threat environment as it is seen from
one of many possible points of view.
To do EW modeling and simulation well, you need to be able to view
the tactical situation from unusual points of view. For example, before you
can simulate a set of signals to make a receiver think it is in a big war, you
need to be able to figure out what the big war looks like when you are a
receiver looking out through a front-panel connector.
This book is designed to help you develop the ability to look at a tacti-
cal situation from the point of view of an antenna, a receiver, or an operator
(perhaps in an aircraft being shot at while flying upside down).
Although there is much information available about specific models,
simulators, and simulations, providing such information is not within the
scope or intent of this book. The reader is referred to the specific product
manufacturers. Periodic surveys in the Journal of Electronic Defense (www.
jedonline.com) list the latest EW simulators, along with their capabilities and
the organizations that produce them. An excellent way to begin is to call a
xi
Xi Introduction to Electronic Warfare Modeling and Simulation
company and ask for application engineering, marketing, or customer sup-
port. Upon request, companies will typically send out literature that includes
a wealth of unclassified information about their products. They will also be
able to steer you to the current government policymakers in the modeling
and simulation fields.
EW is a large field, dealing with the electromagnetic spectrum from
just above dc to just above daylight. This means that the field of EW model-
ing and simulation is just as broad. In order to maximize the usefulness of
this book, its focus is on the radio frequency spectrum, with primary empha-
sis on HF to microwave. Further, it concentrates on EW applications and
techniques rather than detailed propagation models (more complex than
line-of-sight propagation).
The book is designed for use by anyone requiring knowledge of EW
modeling and simulation; it presumes that readers have a general technical
background and knowledge of basic algebra. The text begins with an over-
view of EW and explains all necessary math above algebra.
Welcome to the world of EW modeling and simulation. I hope you
will enjoy it as much as I have.
Contents
Preface xi
...
Acknowledgments XI//
1 introduction 1
1.1 Simulation
1.1.1 Simulation in the EW Field
1.1.2 Modeling
1.2 EW Simulation Approaches
1.2.1 Modeling
1.2.2 Simulation
1.2.3 Emulation
1.3 Simulation for Training 6
1.4 Simulation for T&E 6
1.5 Electronic Point of View 6
1.6 Fidelity in EW Simulation 7
1.7 The Tactical Big Picture 8
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vi Introduction to Electronic Warfare Modeling and Simulation
1.8 Simulation Versus Life Cycle 10
2 Overview of EW 11
2.1 Radar 12
2.1.1 Basic Radar Function 12
2.1.2 Radar Modulations 14
2.1.3 Radar Cross Section 18
2.1.4 Radar Performance 20
2.1.5 Types of Radars 21
2.1.6 Missile Guidance Techniques 22
2.1.7 References for Further Study 26
2.2 Communication 26
2.2.1 Tactical Communications 27
2.2.2 Data Links 28
2.2.3 Communication Bands 28
2.2.4 Communication Modulations 32
2.3 Electronic Support 35
2.3.1 Radar Warning Receivers 35
2.3.2 Shipboard ESM Systems 39
2.3.3 Battlefield Surveillance Systems 40
2.4 Electronic Attack 42
2.4.1 Jamming 43
2.4.2 Communications Jamming 44
2.4.3 Radar Jamming 45
2.4.4 Standoff Jamming 46
2.4.5 Self-protection Jamming 47
2.4.6 Cover Jamming 48
2.4.7 Deceptive Jamming 49
2.4.8 Deceptive Communications Jamming 51
2.4.9 Directed-Energy Weapons 52
2.4.10 Antiradiation Missiles 52
2.4.1 1 Infrared Countermeasures 53
2.4.12 Chaff 55
Contents Vii
2.5 Decoys 56
2.6 Electronic Protection 59
3 Math for Simulation 61
3.1 About dB 61
3.1.1 Conversion to dB Form 63
3.1.2 Absolute Values in dB Form 64
3.1.3 dB Forms of Equations 65
3.1.4 Quick Conversions to dB Values 66
3.2 Spherical Trigonometry 68
3.2.1 The Spherical Triangle 68
3.2.2 Trigonometric Relationships in the Spherical Triangle 70
3.2.3 The Right Spherical Triangle 70
3.2.4 EW Applications of Spherical Trigonometry 72
3.3 The Poisson Theorem 79
3.4 Digitization 80
4 Radio Propagation 83
4.1 One-way Link Equation 83
4.2 Propagation Losses 86
4.2.1 Spreading Loss 86
4.2.2 Atmospheric Loss 88
4.2.3 Rain Loss 89
4.3 Receiver Sensitivity 90
4.4 Effective Range 93
4.5 Radar Range Equation 95
4.6 Range Limitation from Modulation 97
4.7 Radar Detection Range 99
4.8 Jamming-to-Signal Ratio 99
4.8.1 Communication Jamming 100
...
VIII Introduction to Electronic Warfare Modeling and Simulation
4.8.2 Standoff Jamming of a Radar 101
4.8.3 Self-protection Jamming 103
5 Characterization of EW Eauiument 105
5.1 Antennas 105
5.1.1 Antenna Pattern Definitions 106
5.1.2 Polarization 107
5.1.3 Types of Antennas 109
5.1.4 Relationship Between Antenna Gain and
Beam Width 114
5.1.5 Determining Antenna Size 116
5.1.6 Modeling of Antenna Performance 116
5.2 Transmitters 117
5.3 Receivers 119
5.3.1 Types of Receivers 119
5.3.2 Receiver Subsystems 125
5.4 Processors 126
5.4.1 Signal Identification 126
5.4.2 Operator Interfaces 127
5.5 Emitter Location 127
5.5.1 Basic Emitter-Location Approaches 127
5.5.2 Narrow-Beam Antenna 131
5.5.3 RWR Amplitude Comparison 131
5.5.4 Watson-Watt 132
5.5.5 Doppler 133
5.5.6 Interferometer 133
5.5.7 Time Difference of Arrival 135
5.5.8 Frequency Difference of Arrival 136
6 Threat Modeling 139
6.1 Modes of Operation 140
6.1.1 Ground-Based Weapons 140
6.1.2 Track-While-Scan Threats 142
Contents ix
6.1.3 Antiship Missiles 142
6.1.4 Air-to-Air Threats 143
6.2 Modulations 144
6.2.1 Pulsed Signals 144
6.2.2 Continuous Signals 145
6.3 Antenna Characteristics 147
6.3.1 Communication Threat Antennas 147
6.3.2 Radar Antennas 148
6.3.3 Circular Scan 149
6.3.4 Sector Scan 150
6.3.5 Helical Scan 150
6.3.6 Raster Scan 151
6.3.7 Conical Scan 152
6.3.8 Spiral Scan 153
6.3.9 Palmer Scan 154
6.3.10 Palmer Raster Scan 154
6.3.1 1 Lobe Switching 155
6.3.12 Lobe on Receive Only 156
6.3.13 Phased Array 156
6.3.14 Electronic-Elevation Scan with
Mechanical-Azimuth Scan 157
6.4 Signals Leaving Transmitter Site 158
6.5 Signals Arriving at Receiving Site 158
7 Engagement Modeling 161
7.1 Gaming Area 161
7.2 Players 162
7.3 Location and Movement of Players 166
7.4 Point of View 167
7.5 Engagement Fidelity 168
7.6 Electronic Interactions Between Players 169
7.7 Running the Engagement 170
X Introduction to Electronic Warfare Modeling and Simulation
7.8 Aircraft in Hostile Airspace 171
7.9 Ship Attacked by Antiship Missile 175
8 Simulation for Training 183
8.1 Approaches to Training Simulation 184
8.1.1 Simulation Versus Emulation 184
8.1.2 Realistic Panels 185
8.1.3 Depicted Controls and Displays 187
8.2 Training Simulation Function 187
8.3 Required Fidelity 188
8.3.1 Display-Time Fidelity 188
8.3.2 Control-Time Fidelity 187
8.3.3 Perceived Location Fidelity 190
9 Simulation for Test and Evaluation 191
10 Emulation 193
10.1 Emulation Generation 193
10.2 Emulation Injection Points 194
10.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Injection Points 177
10.4 Emulation of the Receiving System 197
10.4.1 Receiving-Antenna Emulation 177
10.4.2 Receiver Emulation 20 1
10.4.3 Processor Emulation 206
10.5 Multiple-Signal Emulation 206
10.5.1 Parallel Generators 206
10.5.2 Time-shared Generators 206
10.5.3 Approach Selection 210
GIo ssa rv 213
About the Author 21 7
Index 21 9