Table Of Content

JW^^HEB Introduction to Electric Circuits Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N. J. Herbert W. Jackson Director, CollegeAffairs Ontario Ministry ofColleges and Universities /ibrao I \ialogtnginPublicationData lv. kMA. Hikhiki \\ Introduciion10electriccircuits Include* index I Electric circuits 1 Iitle IK434 i - 621.31V21 I;o<; Ishn I• *8 Introduction to Electric Circuits FOURTH EDITION Herbert W. Jackson © 1976, 1970, 1965, 1959 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs. New Jersey All rights reserved. No part ofthis book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States ofAmerica 9876543 10 PRENTICE-HALI INTERNATIONAL, INC., London PRENTICE-HALL OF AUS1KM I\. PTY. LIMITED., Sydney PRENTICI HALI "i < \n\|>\. i id . loronto PRENTICE-HALI 'H INDIA PRIVAIl LIMITED,Neh Delhi PRENTICE-HALI ')l IAPAN, INC., Tokyo PRENTICE-HALI Ol SOUTHEAS1 \si\ PRIVATI LIMITED,Singapore Preface xii ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM 1 1-1 The nature ofelectricity 4 Introduction 1-2 The atom 7 1-3 Combination ofatoms 10 3 1-4 Circuit diagrams 12 1-5 The international system ofunits 14 1-6 Numerical accuracy 15 1-7 Scientific notation 15 1-8 Engineering prefixes 16 1-9 Conversion ofunits 18 £- 2-1 Electric current 23 Current 2-2 The coulomb 26 and voltage 2-3 The ampere 27 2-4 Potential difference 28 23 2-5 Generating an electromotive force 31 2-6 The volt 32 2-7 Electromotive force and voltage drop 33 2-8 Conventional current direction 35 3-1 Insulators 38 Insulators, 3-2 Energy-band diagrams 41 semiconductors, 3-3 Insulatorbreakdown 43 and sources 3-4 Electrolytic conduction 44 of emf 3-5 Conduction in vacuum and gases 46 3-6 Semiconductors 47 3-7 /^//-Junctions 52 3-8 Batteries 53 3-9 Other sources ofemf 59 4 4-1 Ohm's law ofconstant proportionality 65 Resistance 4-2 The nature ofresistance 66 4-3 Factors governing the resistance of metallic conductors 67 64 4-4 Resistivity 68 4-5 Effect oftemperature on resistance 71 4-6 Temperature coefficient of resistance 73 4-7 Linear resistors 75 4-8 Nonlinear resistors 77 4-9 Volt-ampere characteristics 80 4-10 Ohm's law applied 81 5-1 Energy and work 86 Work and power 5-2 Power 88 5-3 Efficiency 90 86 5-4 The kilowatthour 92 5-5 Interrelationship ofbasic electrical units 93 6 6-1 Resistances in series 98 Series 6-2 Polarity ofvoltage drop in a series circuit 100 and parallel 6-3 Kirchhoff's voltage law 102 resistances 6-4 Characteristics of series circuits 103 6-5 Internal resistance 104 98 6-6 Maximum power transfer 106 6-7 Resistances in parallel 109 6-8 Kirchhoff's current law 110 6-9 Conductance /// 6-10 Conductivity 113 6-11 Characteristics ofparallel circuits 113 1 7-1 Series-parallel resistances 119 Series-parallel 7-2 Equivalent circuit method 121 circuits 7-3 Kirchhoff's laws method 124 7-4 Voltage divider principle 126 119 7-5 Voltage dividers 127 7-6 Current divider principle 132 8 8-1 Static electricity 139 Capacitance 8-2 The nature ofan electric field 140 8-3 Electrostatic induction 144 139 8-4-Dielectrics 145 8-5 Capacitance 146 8-6 Factors governing capacitance 151 8-7 Dielectric constant 154 8-8 Capacitors in parallel 155 8-9 Capacitors in series 156 9 9-1 Charging a capacitor 162 Capacitance 9-2 Rate ofchange ofvoltage 164 in dc circuits 9-3 Time constant 167 9-4 Graphical solution for instantaneous potential difference 168 162 9-5 Discharging a capacitor 170 9-6 CR waveshaping circuits 173 9-7 Algebraic solution for instantaneous potential difference 176 9-8 Energy stored by a capacitor 179 9-9 Characteristics ofcapacitive dc circuits 182 10 10-1 Electricity and magnetism 190 Magnetism 10-2 The nature ofa magnetic field 192 10-3 Characteristics ofmagnetic lines offorce 193 190 10-4 Magnetic field around a current-carrying conductor 196 10-5 Magnetic flux 201 10-6 Magnetomotive force 202 10-7 Reluctance 203 10-8 Permeability 203 10-9 Flux density 204 10-10 Magnetic field intensity 205 10-11 Diamagnetic and paramagnetic materials 206 10-12 Ferromagnetic materials 208 10-13 Permanent magnets 210 10-14 Magnetization curves 210 10-15 Permeability from the BH curve 272 10-16 Hysteresis 214 10-17 Eddy current 216 10-18 Magnetic shielding 218 11 11-1 Practical magnetic circuits 221 Magnetic 11-2 Long air-core coils 222 circuits 11-3 Simple magnetic circuit 224 11-4 Linear magnetic circuits 225 221 11-5 Nonlinear magnetic circuits 225 11-6 Leakage flux 228 11-7 Series magnetic circuits 229 11-8 Airgaps 232 1-9 Parallel magnetic circuits 234 1-10 Tractive force ofan electromagnet 235 1 J 12 12-1 Electromagnetic induction 240 Inductance 12-2 Faraday's law 242 12-3 enz's law 242 1 240 12-4 Self-induction 245 12-5 Self-inductance 245 12-6 Factors governing inductance 246 12-7 Inductances in series 248 12-8 Inductances in parallel 249 13 13-1 Counter emfand voltage drop 252 Inductance 13-2 Rise ofcurrent in a pure inductance 254 in dc circuits 13-3 Rise ofcurrent in a practical inductor 255 13-4 Time constant 258 252 13-5 Graphical solution for instantaneous current 259 13-6 Algebraic solution for instantaneous current 262 13-7 Energy stored by an inductance 265 13-8 Fall ofcurrent in an inductive circuit 267 13-9 Algebraic solution for instantaneous discharge current 272 13--110 Characteristics ofinductive dc circuits 272 14 14-1 A simple rotating generator 276 Alternating 14-2 The nature ofthe induced emf 277 current 14-3 The sine wave 279 14-4 The peak value ofa sine wave 283 276 14-5 The instantaneous value ofa sine wave 284 14-6 The radian 287 14-7 Instantaneous current in a resistance 288 14-8 Instantaneous power in a resistance 290 14-9 The effective value ofa sine wave 292 14-1 Average voltage and current 294 15 1155--11 The nature ofthe instantaneous current in an inductance 299 Reactance 1155--22 Inductive reactance 301 15-3 Factors governing inductive reactance 302 298 15-4 The nature ofthe instantaneous current in a capacitance 304 15-5 Capacitive reactance 305 5-6 Factors governing capacitive reactance 306 1 15-7 Resistance, inductive reactance, and capacitive reactance 307 16 16-1 Addition of sine waves 31 Vector algebra 16-2 Addition of instantaneous values on a linear graph 312 16-3 Representing a sine wave by a phasor diagram 316 311 16-4 Vector addition by geometrical construction 317 16-5 Addition of vectors which are at right angles 319 16-6 Expressing a phasor in rectangular coordinates 321 16-7 Vector addition by rectangular coordinates 325 16-8 Subtraction ofvector quantities 326 16-9 Multiplication and division ofvector quantities 327