Introduction to Desalination: Principles, Processes, and Calculations

507 Pages·2022·16.185 MB·English

by  Louis Theodore, R. Ryan Dupont

Introduction to Desalination

Introduction to Desalination
Principles, Processes, and Calculations
Dr. Louis Theodore
Theodore Tutorials
East Williston, NY
USA
Dr. R. Ryan Dupont
Utah Water Research Laboratory
Utah State University
Logan, UT
USA
This edition first published 2022
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Theodore, Louis, author. | Dupont, R. Ryan, author.
Title: Introduction to desalination : principles, processes, and calculations / Dr. Louis Theodore, Manhattan
College, R. Ryan Dupont.
Description: First edition. | Hoboken, NJ, USA : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2022. | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2021060406 (print) | LCCN 2021060407 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119691679 (hardback) |
ISBN 9781119691716 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119691747 (epub) | ISBN 9781119691754 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Saline water conversion.
Classification: LCC TD479 .T54 2022 (print) | LCC TD479 (ebook) | DDC 628.1/67--dc23/eng/20220124
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021060406
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021060407
Cover image: © MARK GARLICK/Getty Images
Cover design by Wiley
Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIX TwoText by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd, Pondicherry, India
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
v
Brief Contents
Preface vii
Dedication xi
Part I Introduction 1
1 Global Water Scarcity and the Need for “New Water” 3
2 Technical Glossary 21
3 Engineering Principles 47
4 Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties of Materials 75
5 Water Properties 101
6 Water Chemistry 127
7 The Conservation Laws, Stoichiometry, and Thermodynamics 143
8 Unit Operations 171
Part II Desalination and Water Treatment Processes 199
9 The Desalination Process 201
10 Evaporation 223
11 Reverse Osmosis 247
12 Crystallization 271
vi Brief Contents
13 Traditional Desalination Processes 295
14 New Desalination Processes 315
15 Non-Desalination Processes 335
Part III Select Related Topics 351
16 Water Conservation 353
17 Economic Considerations 381
18 Optimization Considerations 401
19 Ethical Considerations 433
20 The Future of Desalination 459
Index 475
vii
Preface
Since the late 1960s there has been an increased awareness of a wide range
of environmental issues covering all media: air, land, and water. More and
more people are becoming aware of these environmental concerns and it is
important that all individuals, many of whom do not possess an understand-
ing of environmental problems or have the proper information available
when involved with environmental issues, develop capabilities in this area.
All professionals should have a basic understanding of the technical and
scientific terms related to these issues. One of the key issues is water scar-
city and the role desalination can play in improving global water security.
Hopefully, this text will serve the needs of those interested in increasing
their knowledge of, and help solve, the potable water problems facing
society.
The current human population on Earth is approximately eight billion,
and almost certainly will increase in the future. The influence and effects of
human activities on the environment have become increasingly evident at
the local, state, national, and international levels, while particular issues
such as potable water availability and desalination have become more perva-
sive and pressing. The net result is that there has been a more significant
increase in both awareness and interest about this topic since the turn of this
century.
The authors considered and then decided to write an introductory text on
desalination that highlighted pragmatic rather than theoretical materials. It
contains three parts and provides material that can be used in teaching an
introductory course to those individuals interested in becoming part of this
profession. As such, this book is intended to serve as a training tool for
those individuals involved with, and those interested in entering this
dynamic field. Although the literature is inundated with desalination texts
emphasizing theory and theoretical derivations, the goal of this book is to
present this subject of desalination from a strictly introductory and prag-
matic perspective.
viii Preface
The book is the result of two years of effort by the authors. The first rough
draft was prepared during the years 2017 through 2019. The manuscript under-
went significant revisions during these past two years, some of it based on the
experiences gained from earlier written material.
It should be noted that the authors cannot claim sole authorship to all of the
essay material in this text. The present book has evolved from a host of sources,
including notes, homework problems, and exam problems prepared by several
faculty for undergraduate courses offered at Utah State University and
Manhattan College, several other books by L. Theodore and R. Dupont, and a
host of Theodore Tutorials published by Theodore Tutorials of East Williston,
New York. Although the bulk of the material is original or taken from sources
that the authors have been directly involved with, every effort has been made
to acknowledge material drawn from other sources.
As noted in the Table of Contents, this desalination book is divided into three
parts:
● Part I: Introduction
● Part II: Desalination and Water Treatment Processes
● Part III: Select Related Topics
Part I includes the following chapters: Global Water Scarcity and the Need for
“New Water;” a Technical Glossary; Engineering Principles; Physical,
Chemical, and Biological Properties of Water; Water Chemistry; Conservation
Laws; Unit Operations; and Heat Transfer and Thermodynamic Principles.
Part II then introduces the desalination process. Part II highlights specific
processes including: Evaporation, Reverse Osmosis, Crystallization, Other
Desalination Processes, New Desalination Processes, and Other Potable Water
Treatment Processes. These seven chapters are generously supplemented
with illustrative examples. Part III contains five chapters that are concerned
with what the authors have termed, “Select Related Topics,” i.e. Water
Conservation, Economic Considerations, Optimization, Ethics, and The
Future of Desalination.
The authors hope that this book will place in the hands of academic, indus-
trial, and government personnel – including policy makers and water
resource/management planners – a book that covers the fundamental princi-
ples and applications of desalination in a thorough and clear manner. The
authors further hope that, on completion of the text, readers will have acquired
not only a working knowledge of the principles of desalination, but also experi-
ence in their application; and, that they will find themselves approaching
advanced texts, engineering and science literature, and industrial applications
(even unique ones) with more confidence.
Last, but not least, the authors believe that this modest work will help the
majority of individuals working and/or studying in the field of desalination to
Preface ix
obtain a more complete understanding of this subject matter. If you have
come this far and read through this Preface, you have more than just a passing
interest in this subject. We strongly recommend that you take advantage of
the material available in this book. We think that it will be a worthwhile
experience.
East Williston, NY, January 2022 Louis Theodore
Smithfield, UT, January 2022 R. Ryan Dupont