Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective PDF
Preview Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
Introduction to Counseling A A S P N RT AND CIENCE ERSPECTIVE This page intentionally left blank Fou r t h E d i t i o n Introduction to Counseling A A S P N RT AND CIENCE ERSPECTIVE Michael S. Nystul New Mexico State University Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Vice President and Editor-in-Chief:Jeffery W.Johnston Acquisitions Editor:Meredith D.Fossel Editorial Assistant:Nancy Holstein Vice President,Director ofMarketing:Quinn Perkson Marketing Manager:Chris Barry Managing Editor:Pamela D.Bennett Senior Project Manager:Mary Irvin Central Publishing Project Manager:Laura Messerly Senior Art Director:Jayne Conte Cover Designer:Karen Salzbach,Central Design Cover Art:Super Stock Full-Service Project Management:Saraswathi Muralidhar/GGS Higher Education Resources,A Division ofPreMedia Global Inc. Printer/Binder:Courier/Westford Cover Printer:Lehigh-Phoenix Text Font:Minion-Regular Every effort has been made to provide accurate and current Internet information in this book.However,the Internet and information posted on it are constantly changing,so it is inevitable that some ofthe Internet addresses listed in this textbook will change. Copyright © 2011,2006,2003,1999 Pearson Education,Inc.,Upper Saddle River,New Jersey 07458.All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States ofAmerica.This publication is protected by Copyright,and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction,storage in a retrieval system,or transmission in any form or by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,or likewise.To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work,please submit a written request to Pearson Education,Inc.,Permissions Department,501 Boylston Street,Suite 900,Boston,MA,02116,fax:(617) 671-2290,email:[email protected]. Credits:Illustrations by Lyrl Ahern,pp.164,172,182,226,230;Van Howell/PH College,pp.221,226. Text Credits appear on page 517,which constitutes a continuation ofthis copyright page. Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nystul,Michael S. Introduction to counseling:an art and science perspective / Michael S.Nystul.—4th ed. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13:978-0-13-701610-5 ISBN-10:0-13-701610-7 1. Counseling. 2. Psychotherapy. I. Title. BF636.6.N97 2011 158’.3—dc22 2009051996 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 10: 0-13-701610-7 ISBN 13:978-0-13-701610-5 This book is dedicated to my beautiful wife, Laura, whose loving smile, creativity, and Apache spirit inspires me to reach for the stars and beyond. This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Part 1 An Overview of Counseling and the Counseling Process 1 Chapter 1 An Overview of Counseling 2 Welcome to the Field of Counseling 2 What Is Counseling? 3 The Art and Science of Counseling and Psychotherapy 3 Counseling as Storytelling 5 Counseling and Psychotherapy 6 Differentiating Formal from Informal Helping 8 Personal Qualities of Effective Helpers 9 The Helping Profession 12 Counseling: Past, Present, and Future 12 Counseling from a Historical Perspective 12 Present Trends 15 Summary 21 • Personal Exploration 21 • MyHelpingLab 21 • Web Sites 22 Chapter 2 Professional Preparation and Ethical and Legal Issues 23 Becoming a Professional Counselor 23 Formal Study and Professional Affiliation 24 Certification and Licensure 24 Continuing Education 27 Professional Involvement 28 Ethical-Legal Issues 28 The Art and Science of Ethical-Legal Issues 28 Ethical Issues 29 Legal Issues 33 Special Ethical and Legal Issues 36 Ethical Issues Relating to Online Counseling 41 Ethical-Legal Decision Making 42 vii viii Contents Clinical Examples 44 Diversity Issues 46 Summary 47 • Personal Exploration 47 • MyHelpingLab 48 • Web Sites 48 Chapter 3 The Counseling Process 49 The Art and Science of the Counseling Process 49 The Six Stages of the Counseling Process 50 Stage One: Relationship Building 50 Stage Two: Assessment and Diagnosis 56 Stage Three: Formulation of Counseling Goals 57 Stage Four: Intervention and Problem Solving 58 Stage Five: Termination and Follow-Up 61 Stage Six: Research and Evaluation 61 Listening Skills 62 Primary Listening Skills 62 Secondary Listening Skills 63 Counseling Vignette 65 Effective Listening “Don’ts” 66 Effective Listening “Do’s” 67 A Final Thought Regarding Listening Skills 67 Recent Trends in the Counseling Process 67 Emotions 68 Postmodern Trends 69 Brief-Counseling Approaches 72 Brief-Solution-Focused Counseling 73 Common Problems for Beginning Counselors 75 Focusing on the First Issue in a Session 76 Overlooking Physical or Medical Issues 76 Wanting to Rescue Clients from Their Unhappiness 76 Having Perfectionist Tendencies 76 Having Unrealistic Expectations 77 Getting Carried Away with the Latest Technique 77 Getting Lost in the Counseling Process 78 Using Inappropriate Phrases 78 Having an Excessive Desire to Help 78 Having an Excessive Need to Be Liked 79 Getting Too Emotionally Involved 79 Contents ix Taking Things Too Personally 79 Having Difficulty Differentiating Between Normal and Abnormal 79 Being Uncertain About Self-Disclosure 80 Being Uncertain About Confidentiality 80 Diversity Issues 80 Summary 81 • Personal Exploration 82 • MyHelpingLab 82 • Web Sites 82 Chapter 4 Assessment and Diagnosis 83 The Art and Science of Assessment and Diagnosis 83 Assessment and Diagnosis 84 Assessment 84 Evaluation of Tests 84 Administration and Interpretation of Tests 86 Test Bias 87 Types of Tests 89 Diagnosis 94 Historical Perspective 94 The DSM-IV-TR 95 The Clinical Interview 99 Treatment Planning 101 Diversity and Postmodern Issues in Assessment and Diagnosis 104 Summary 106 • Personal Exploration 106 • MyHelpingLab 107 • Web Sites 107 Chapter 5 Counseling Research and Evaluation 108 The Art and Science of Research and Evaluation 108 The Purpose of Research and Evaluation 109 Theory, Research, and Practice 109 Research, Evaluation, and Counselor Accountability 110 The Contribution of Research to the Counseling Field 111 Overview of the Types of Research 112 Types of Research Methodologies 112 Shortcomings of Traditional Counseling Research 114 Qualitative Research Methodologies 115 Evaluation of Qualitative Methodologies 119 Single-Subject Designs 119
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