Introduction to Computer Networking

160 Pages·2017·2.127 MB·English

by  Thomas G. Robertazzi (auth.)

Thomas G. Robertazzi
Introduction
to Computer
Networking
Introduction to Computer Networking
Thomas G. Robertazzi
Introduction to Computer
Networking
123
ThomasG.Robertazzi
DepartmentofElectricalandComputer
Engineering
StonyBrookUniversity
StonyBrook,NY,USA
ISBN978-3-319-53102-1 ISBN978-3-319-53103-8 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-53103-8
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017931075
©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2017
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ToRachelandDeanna,
forMakingLivesforThemselves
Preface
Networking is a fascinating field. Networking involves communication theory,
algorithms,technologyanddiverseenvironmentsandsituationsinanenticingmix.
This introductory book on networking technology is meant to convey some of the
excitement and variety that may be found in this area. The qualitative coverage of
thisbookspansthesmallestpossiblenetworksthatareimplementedonintegrated
circuitchipstothelargestnetworksconceivedthatcoverthesolarsystem.Thereis
muchinbetweenthesetwoextremes.
This book is intended to provide a technology overview in undergraduate and
graduate networking courses where it may be used in conjunction with more
algorithm-mathematical-oriented texts. It will also be of interest to the individual
engineer, computer scientist or information technology professional. I would note
that this book grew out of my 2011 Springer brief book, Basics of Computer
Networking.
Ihavelearnedagreatdealaboutnetworkingbyteachingnetworkingcoursesat
StonyBrook.Iwouldliketothankanumberofpeopleforsuggestionsoncoverage
including Tricia Chigan, Victor Frost, Biswanath Mukherjee, Shivendra Panwar
and Ruhai Wang. I appreciate Dantong Yu for making me aware of technological
trendsovertheyears.IthankEmreSalmanandWendyTangforproofreadingone
section of the manuscript. My work life has been made easier by the office staff
here of Cathryn Mooney, Susan Nastro, Tim Higgins and Rachel Ingrassia. I have
benefitted from the IT assistance of John Joseph and Tony Olivo. I am grateful
for the support of my editor at Springer, Mary James, and the project staff of,
Murugesan Tamilselvan and Essoudasse Catherine. I wish also to thank Yang Liu
andLiShiforassistancewithmanuscriptpreparation.
FinallyIdedicatethisbooktomytwodaughters,RachelandDeanna.
StonyBrook,NY,USA ThomasG.Robertazzi
vii
Contents
1 IntroductiontoNetworks.................................................. 1
1.1 Introduction........................................................... 1
1.2 AchievingConnectivity.............................................. 1
1.2.1 CoaxialCable............................................... 2
1.2.2 TwistedPairWiring ........................................ 2
1.2.3 FiberOptics................................................. 3
1.2.4 MicrowaveLineofSight................................... 4
1.2.5 Satellites .................................................... 4
1.2.6 CellularSystems............................................ 7
1.2.7 AdHocNetworks........................................... 8
1.2.8 WirelessSensorNetworks ................................. 9
1.3 Multiplexing.......................................................... 10
1.3.1 FrequencyDivisionMultiplexing.......................... 10
1.3.2 TimeDivisionMultiplexing................................ 10
1.3.3 FrequencyHopping......................................... 11
1.3.4 DirectSequenceSpreadSpectrum......................... 12
1.4 CircuitSwitchingVersusPacketSwitching......................... 12
1.5 LayeredProtocols.................................................... 14
1.5.1 ApplicationLayer .......................................... 15
1.5.2 PresentationLayer.......................................... 15
1.5.3 SessionLayer............................................... 15
1.5.4 TransportLayer............................................. 15
1.5.5 NetworkLayer.............................................. 16
1.5.6 DataLinkLayer ............................................ 16
1.5.7 PhysicalLayer.............................................. 16
2 Ethernet...................................................................... 17
2.1 Introduction........................................................... 17
2.2 10MbpsEthernet..................................................... 17
2.3 FastEthernet.......................................................... 20
2.4 GigabitEthernet...................................................... 21
ix
x Contents
2.5 10GigabitEthernet................................................... 23
2.6 40/100GigabitEthernet.............................................. 24
2.6.1 40/100GigabitTechnology ................................ 25
2.7 HigherEthernetSpeeds.............................................. 26
2.7.1 Introduction................................................. 26
2.7.2 TheRoadtoHigherSpeeds................................ 27
2.8 Conclusion............................................................ 28
3 InfiniBand ................................................................... 29
3.1 Introduction........................................................... 29
3.2 AFirstLook.......................................................... 30
3.2.1 QueuePairs ................................................. 30
3.2.2 TransferSemantics ......................................... 31
3.2.3 InfiniBandVerbs............................................ 31
3.3 TheInfiniBandProtocol ............................................. 31
3.4 InfiniBandforHPC .................................................. 32
3.5 OtherRDMAImplementations...................................... 33
3.5.1 RoCE........................................................ 33
3.5.2 iWARP ...................................................... 34
3.6 Conclusion............................................................ 34
4 WirelessNetworks.......................................................... 35
4.1 Introduction........................................................... 35
4.2 802.11WiFi .......................................................... 35
4.2.1 TheOriginal802.11Standard.............................. 35
4.2.2 Foundational802.11Versions.............................. 37
4.2.3 MoreRecent802.11Versions.............................. 39
4.3 802.15Bluetooth..................................................... 44
4.3.1 TechnicallySpeaking....................................... 44
4.3.2 AdHocNetworking........................................ 45
4.3.3 VersionsofBluetooth....................................... 45
4.3.4 802.15.4,ZigBee,and802.15.4e .......................... 46
4.3.5 WirelessBodyAreaNetworksand802.15.6.............. 49
4.3.6 BluetoothSecurity.......................................... 51
4.4 802.16WiMax........................................................ 52
4.5 LTE:LongTermEvolution.......................................... 52
4.5.1 Introduction................................................. 52
4.5.2 LTE.......................................................... 53
4.5.3 LTEAdvanced.............................................. 54
4.5.4 Towards5G ................................................. 58
4.6 Conclusion............................................................ 60
5 MultiprotocolLabelSwitching(MPLS) ................................. 61
5.1 Introduction........................................................... 61
5.2 TechnicalDetails..................................................... 62
5.3 TrafficEngineering................................................... 63
Contents xi
5.4 FaultManagement.................................................... 64
5.5 GMPLS............................................................... 65
5.6 MPLS-TP............................................................. 65
6 OpticalNetworksforTelecommunications.............................. 67
6.1 SONET ............................................................... 67
6.1.1 SONETArchitecture ....................................... 68
6.1.2 Self-HealingRings ......................................... 70
6.2 WavelengthDivisionMultiplexing.................................. 71
6.2.1 HistoryandTechnology.................................... 72
6.2.2 Switching ................................................... 73
6.3 OpticalTransportNetworks ......................................... 74
6.4 Flexible/ElasticOpticalNetworks................................... 75
6.4.1 NumericalExamples ....................................... 75
6.4.2 NetworkCharacteristics.................................... 76
6.4.3 RoutingandSpectrumAllocation ......................... 76
6.5 PassiveOpticalNetworks............................................ 76
6.5.1 TimeDivisionMultiplexingPON ......................... 77
6.5.2 WavelengthDivisionMultiplexingPON.................. 78
6.5.3 OFDMPON ................................................ 78
6.6 OrbitalAngularMomentum......................................... 78
7 Software-DefinedNetworking............................................. 81
7.1 Introduction........................................................... 81
7.2 ClassicInternetArchitecture......................................... 81
7.3 SDNArchitecture .................................................... 83
7.4 DevelopmentofSDN ................................................ 85
7.5 OpenFlow............................................................. 85
7.6 TwoIssues............................................................ 86
7.7 Standards ............................................................. 87
8 NetworksonChips ......................................................... 89
8.1 Introduction........................................................... 89
8.2 ANetworkonChip:TheMesh...................................... 90
8.2.1 SwitchingAlternatives ..................................... 92
8.3 OtherNOCInterconnectionNetworks.............................. 93
8.3.1 Introduction................................................. 93
8.3.2 Mesh,Toroidal,andRelatedNetworks.................... 93
8.3.3 SomeOtherInterconnectionNetworks.................... 95
9 SpaceNetworking .......................................................... 97
9.1 SpaceWire ............................................................ 97
9.1.1 Background................................................. 97
9.1.2 SpaceWireinDetail ........................................ 98
9.1.3 SomeConfigurations ....................................... 101
xii Contents
9.2 SpaceFibre............................................................ 103
9.2.1 Background................................................. 103
9.2.2 SpaceFibreinMoreDetail ................................. 103
9.2.3 ProtocolStack .............................................. 104
9.3 SpaceCommunications.............................................. 105
9.3.1 Background................................................. 105
9.3.2 DeepSpaceNetworks...................................... 106
9.3.3 Delay/DisruptionTolerantNetworks...................... 108
10 Grids,Clouds,andDataCenters ......................................... 113
10.1 Introduction........................................................... 113
10.2 Grids .................................................................. 113
10.2.1 Introduction................................................. 113
10.2.2 GridIssues.................................................. 114
10.2.3 GridArchitectureandMore................................ 115
10.3 Clouds ................................................................ 117
10.3.1 Introduction................................................. 117
10.3.2 Trade-OffsforCloudComputing.......................... 118
10.3.3 CloudPrinciples............................................ 118
10.3.4 CloudMonitoring........................................... 120
10.3.5 ResourceProvisioning...................................... 120
10.3.6 MobileCloudComputing.................................. 120
10.3.7 CloudReliability/Resilency................................ 121
10.3.8 CloudSecurity.............................................. 122
10.4 DataCenters.......................................................... 122
10.4.1 Introduction................................................. 122
10.4.2 Racks........................................................ 123
10.4.3 NetworkingSupport........................................ 123
10.4.4 Storage ...................................................... 125
10.4.5 ElectricalandCoolingSupport ............................ 126
10.4.6 ManagementSupport....................................... 126
10.4.7 Security ..................................................... 127
10.5 Conclusion............................................................ 127
11 AESandQuantumCryptography........................................ 129
11.1 Introduction........................................................... 129
11.2 AES................................................................... 129
11.2.1 Introduction................................................. 129
11.2.2 DES ......................................................... 129
11.2.3 ChoosingAES.............................................. 130
11.2.4 TheAESAlgorithm ........................................ 131
11.2.5 AESIssues.................................................. 132
11.3 QuantumCryptography.............................................. 134
11.3.1 Introduction................................................. 134
11.3.2 QuantumPhysics ........................................... 135
11.3.3 QuantumCommunication.................................. 135