Introduction to American Literature Dr. Abdullah Al

114 Pages·2012·5.69 MB·English

Introduction to American Literature
Dr. Abdullah Al - Badarnah
nawarh
1
General and Brief Introduction to American Literature

In the beginning, America was a series of British colonies on the east coast of the
present-day United States. Therefore, its literary tradition begins with the
tradition of English literature. However, very quickly unique American
characteristics and the breadth of its production began to develop an American
writing tradition.
ر
. مويلا ةدحتملا تايلاولل فشلا لحاسلا لىع ةيناطيبرلا تارمعتسملا نم ةلسلس اكيرمأ تناك ، ةيادبلا ف
ي ي

صئاصخلا تعستا دقف ، اذه نم مغرلا لىعو .يب لجنلإا بدلأا ديلاقت عم ةيبدلأا اهديلاقت أدبت ،كلذلو

.ةيكيرملاا ةباتكلا ديلاقت روط يذلا اهجاتنا عاستا ف اضيأو ,ب بك لكشب ةيكيرملأا
ي

Some consider Captain John Smith to be the first American author, when he
wrote The General Historie of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles (1624)
Similar writers of interest include Daniel Cox, John Hammond, Gabriel Thomas,
George Percy, Daniel Denton, Thomas Ash, John Lawson and William Strachey.
Poetry was also written in those early days; Nicholas Noyes wrote Doggerel verse.
Edward Taylor and Anne Bradstreet were popular, and Michael Wiggleworth was
known for his best selling poem The Day of Doom
.

ا ينيجرفل ماعلا خ يراتلا" باتك بتك ت ح كي يرما بتاك لوا و ه ثيمس نوج تباكلا نا داقنلا برتعي
1624 ماع " فيصلا رزجو ,دنلاجناوين,
َ
:مهو تامامتهلاا سفن نوكراشتي ت فلؤمو باتك رهظ امك
نوسولا نوج, شآ ساموت , نوتند ليناد, سب ب جرروج , ساموت لييرباج , دنوماه نوج , سكوك ليناد
ي ي
ر
بتك ثيح ز يون سلاوكين ةركبملا ةبفلا كلت ف رعشلا بتك امك . سراتس مايليو ,
ي ي
“Doggerel verse”

. ةيبعش اذ اناك.. تيبسدارب انآو رليات دراوداو
ً ر
... اعيبم بكلأا هتديصقب ثريولقيو ليشيم فرع امك
“The Day of Doom”.
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It is almost impossible for the history of the early American settlers not to be
mainly about religious questions that were rich topics for their early writings.
A journal written by John Winthrop discussed the religious foundations of the
Massachusetts Bay Colony.

و , هينيدلا لئاسملا سسأب اومتهي لا نا ةركبم ةبف في ت يكيرملأا ت نطوتسملا خ يرات لىع ليحتسملا نم
ر
جيلخ ةرمعتسمل ةينيدلا سسلأا مها ةتلجمب بوبنيو نوج شقان دقف . اهب ةينغ مهعيضاومو مهتاباتك
.سوشتاسام

Jonathan Edwards and Cotton Mather represented the Great Awakening, a
religious revival in the early 18th century that asserted strict Calvinism (Calvinism
is a theological system and an approach to the Christian life that emphasizes
God's sovereignty in all things). Other Puritan and religious writers include
Thomas Hooker and Samuel Willard.
ر
شع نماثلا نرقلا لئاوأ ف تناكو نيدلا ءايحاو ،"ىبركلا ةوحصلا" نولثمي ر ثام نتوكو زدراودإ ناثانوج
ي

الله ةدايس لىع دكؤت تلا ةيحيسملا ةايحلل اجهنو تيد ماظن ه ةينيفلاكلا( ةينيفلاكلا ةماصرب هتدكأ تلاو
ي ي ي ي
ً
.د رلايو ليومصو , ساموت ركوه .مهنم نورخآ نوينيدو ت يناتوب ب باتك كانهو .)ءايشلأا عيمج في

The Colonial Period of American Literature spans the time between the founding
of the first settlement at Jamestown to the outbreak of the Revolution. The
writings of this time centered on religious, practical, or historical themes. The
most influential writers of the Colonial Period include John Winthrop, Cotton
Mather, Benjamin Franklin, and Anne Bradstreet.
.ةروثلا علادنا لىا نواتسميج في ةنطوتسم لوأ سيسأت ت ب اهتقو دتمي كي يرملأا بدلأل ةيرامعتسلاا ةب فلا
ر
هبفلا ف اب ثأت ب كلأا باتكلا نمو .ةيخيراتلاوا , ةيلمعلا , ةينيدلا عيضاوملا لىع تزكرت هبفلا هذه تاباتك
ي
.تيب سدارب ني آ و ت لكنارف ت ماجنب , رثام نتوك , بوبرنيو نوج : هيرامعتسلأا

During the Revolutionary Age, 1765-1790, some of the greatest documents of
American history were authored. In 1776, Thomas Paine authored Common Sense
and Thomas Jefferson wrote The Declaration of Independence. In 1781, The
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Articles of Confederation were ratified. Between 1787 and 1788, Alexander
Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay wrote The Federalist Papers. Finally, in
1787, The Constitution of the United States was drafted and in 1789 it was
ratified.
ً
ماع فف . كب ملأا خ يراتلا ف قئاثولا مظعأ نم اضعب فيلأت مت ، 1790-1765 ،"يروثلا صرعلا" للاخ
ي ي ي
. "للاقتسلاا نلاعإ" نوسرفيج ساموت بتكو " ماعلا قوذلا" فيلأتب ت ب ساموت ماق ،1776

،نوتلماه ردنسكلأ بتك ،1788و 1787 ت ب ." لىي اردفنوكلا داحتلاا داوم" لىع قيدصتلا مت ،1781 في
ً
تايلاولا روتسد" ةغايص تمت ،1787 ماع ف ،اب خأو ." ةيلارديفلا قاروأ" نوج ياجو ،نوسيدام سميجو
ي

.هيلع قيدصتلا مت 1789 فو "ةدحتملا
ي

The Early National Period of American Literature saw the beginnings of literature
that could be truly identified as "American". The writers of this new American
literature wrote in the English style, but the settings, themes, and characters were
authentically American. In addition, poets of this time wrote poetry that was
relatively independent of English precursors. Three of the most recognized writers
of this time are Washington Irving, James Cooper, and Edgar Allan Poe.

.'ةيكيرمأ' اهنأب اقح فرعت نأ نكمي تلا بدلأا تايادب كيرملأا بدلأا نم ةركبملا ةينطولا ةبفلا تدهش
ي ي
ً
تاعوضوملاو تادادعلإا نكلو ،يب لجنلإا بولسلأاو طمنلا لىع وبتك ديدجلا كيرملأا بدلأا اذه با تك
ي
. ةيلصأ ةيكيرمأ تناك تايصخشلاو

ةقباسلا ةيب لجنلإا نع ايبسن لقتسم لكشب رعشلا تقولا اذه ف ءارعشلا بتك ،كلذ لىإ ةفاضلإابو
ي
ً ر
وب نلاأ راغدإ و ،ربوك سميج ،غنيفريا نطنشاو ةبفلا كلت ف ةرهش باتكلابكأ مه ةثلاث كانه,
ي

Following the Civil War, American Literature entered into the Realistic Period. The
major form of literature produced in this era was realistic fiction. Unlike romantic
fiction, realistic fiction aims to represent life as it really is and make the reader
believe that the characters actually might exist and the situations might actually
happen. In order to have this effect on the reader, realistic fiction focuses on the
ordinary and commonplace. The major writers of the Realistic Period include
Mark Twain, Henry James, Bret Harte, and Kate Chopin.

تلا تايبدلأل سيئرلا لكشلا ناكو ." ةيعقاولا ةبفلا" ف "كيرملأا بدلأا" لخد ،ةيلهلأا برحلا باقعأ ف
ي ي ي ي ي

لايخلا ةيعقاو فدهت ، سنامورلا لايخلا سكع لىع . عقاولا لايخلا لىا فدهي صرعلا اذه ف تجتنأ
ي ي ي
ً
تلااحلاو , عقاولا ف ةدوجوم نوكت دق تايصخشلا نأ دقتعي ئراقلا لعجيو ،اقح ه امك ةايحلا ليثمتل
ي ي
4
ً
هيداعلا روملأا لىع زكري عقاولا لايخلاو ، ئراقلا لىعب ثأت كانه نوكي ك . عقاولا ف اضيا ثدحت دق
ي ي ي
.هفولأملاو هعئاشلا
ً
. سميج يبهو نيوت كرام , تراه تيربو , نابوش تيك : مهنم نويسيئر باتك "ةيعقاولا ةبفلا" لمشتو

Most critics hold that the history of American literature can be divided into six
periods: orderly, colonial period, romanticism, realism, naturalism, modernism
and post-modernism.
Although American literature in its true sense did not begin until the19th century,
however, we always talk about colonial period as a preparatory introduction to
American literature.

, ةيرامعتسلاا ةبفلا :تابف تس لىإ مسقي نأ نكمي كب ملأا بدلأا خ يرات نأ داقنلا مظعم قفتا
ي
. هثادحلا دعب امو هثادحلاو , ةيعيبطلاو ،ةيعقاولاو , ةيسنامورلاو
ً
نع ثدحتن امئاد نحن ،كلذ عمو ،19 نرقلا تح أدبي مل فيقحلا هانعمب كيرملأا بدلأا نأ نم مغرلا لىع
ي ي

.كي يرملأا بدلأل ةيب ضحت ةمدقمك ةيرامعتسلاا ةبفلا

)American Literature (Periods of American Literature)

)يكيرملأا بدلأا نم تارتف( يكيرملأا بدلأا
A. 1607-1776: Colonial period
1607-1776:هيرامعتسلاا هرتفلا
A.1765-1790: The Revolutionary Age
1765-1790: يروثلا رصعلا
A. 1775-1828: The Early National Period
1775-1828:هركبملا ةينطولا ةرتفلا
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A. 1828-1865: The Romantic Period (Also known as: The American Renaissance
or The Age of Transcendentalism)
)ةيحورلا هفسلفلاب وا هيكيرملاا ةضهنلا زصعب اضيأ فرعت و ( ةيسنامورلا ةرتفلا
1828-1865
A. 1865-1900: The Realistic Period
1865-1900 هيعقاولا ةرتفلا
A. 1900-1914: The Naturalistic Period
1900-1914: ةيعيبطلا ةرتفلا
A.1914-1939: American Modernist Period
1914-1939 ةيكيرملاا ةثادحلا ةرتف
A. 1920s ,1930s: Jazz Age, Harlem Renaissance, and the “Lost Generation “
1920,1930: دوقفملا ليجلاو , ميلراه ةضهن ,زاجلا رصع
A. 1939-present: The Contemporary Period
1939 ةرصاعملا ةرتفلا: رضاحلا
A. 1950s: Best Writers
1950 باًتكلا لضفا
A. 1960s, 1970s: Counterculcure and Ethnic Literacure

The years 1900 -1914-mark American Literature's Naturalistic Period. Naturalism
claims to give an even more accurate depiction of life than realism. In accordance
with a post-Darwinian thesis, naturalistic writers hold that the characters of their
works are merely higher-order animals whose character and behavior is entirely
based upon heredity and environment. Naturalistic writings try to present
subjects with scientific objectivity. These writings are often frank, crude, and
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tragic. Stephen Crane, Jack London, and Theodore Dreiser are the most studied
American Naturalists
.

طعت اهنلا ةيعيبط مىستو ." ةيعيبطلا كيرملأا بدلأا ةبفل " راهدزا تقو 1914-1900 ةنس برتعت
ي ي
نأ نوري ت يعيبطلا باتًكلا نإف ، ةينيورادلا دعب ام ةحورطلأ اقفوو .ةيعقاولا ةايحلل ةقدبركأ اًفصو
لىع لماك لكشب اهكولسو اهتيصخش دمتعت لىعأ بيترت تاذ تاناويح درجم ه مهلامعا تايصخش
ي
. ةئيبلاو ةثارولا
ً
ةحيصر نوكت ام ابلاغ تاباتكلا هذه .ةيملع ةيعوضوم تاذ عيضاوم ميدقت لواحت ةيعيبطلا تاباتكلا
ةيعيبطل ت ثحابلاو ت سرادلا بركا نم , ب سيرد رودويثو ،ندنل كاجو نيرك نفيتس .ةيواسأمو ،ةيئادبو
.ةيكيرملاا

A. Between 1914 and 1939, American Literature entered into a phase which is
still referred to as "The Beginnings of Modern Literature". Like their British
counterparts, the American Modernists experimented with subject matter,
form, and style and produced achievements in all literary genres. Some
well-known American Modernist Poets include Robert Frost, William Carlos
Williams, Edna St. Vincent Millay, and E.E. Cummings. Included among
American Modernist Prose Writers are Edith Wharton, Sinclair Lewis, and
Willa Cather.
بدلأا تايادب" مساب اهيف هيلإ راشي لازي لا ةلحرم كي يرملأا بدلأا لخد ،1939 و 1914 ماع ت ب .أ
بولسلأاو لكشلاو عوضوملا ةبرجتب نويكيرملأا نويثادحلا ماق ،ت يناطيبرلا مهئارظن رارغ لىعو ."ثيدحلا

تربور :ت فورعملا "ةيكيرملأا ةثادحلا ءارعش" رهشا ضعب نمو .ةيبدلأا عاونلأا عيمج في تازاجنإ اومدقو
ر ً
بنلا باتك اضيا نمضتتو .ز غنيماك ا.او ،يلايم تنسنف تناس اندإ ،زمايليو سولراك مايليو ،تسورف
رذاك لايوو ،سيول ب لكنس ،نوتراو ثيدإ مهنم ةيكيرملأا ةيثادحلا

The American Modernist Period also produced many other writers that are
considered to be writers of Modernist Period Subclasses. For example, F. Scott
Fitzgerald is considered a writer of The Jazz Age, Langston Hughes and W.E.B.
DuBois writers of The Harlem Renaissance, and Gertrude Stein, T.S. Eliot, Ezra
Pound, and Ernest Hemingway writers of The Lost Generation.
ً ً
ف ةيعرفلا تائفلا باتك نم نوبرتعي نيذلا نورخلأا باتكلا نم ديدعلا ةيكيرملأا ةثادحلا ةبف تجتنأ امك
ي

و "زويه نوتسغنلا" و "زاجلا صرع" بتاك دلاب جبيف توكس .ف ب رتعي , لاثملا ليبس لىع .ةثادحلا ةبف
7
يوانميه تسينريا و دنواب ارزياو , تويلا .س.ت و, ت تس دويب يج و , " ميلراه هضهن " تي رتاك سويبود
ُ
." دوقفملا ليجلا " باتك

Notable Years in U.S. History from 1492-2004
2004-1492 ماع نم ةدحتملا تايلاولا خيرات يف ةزرابلا تاونسلا
1492 Christopher Columbus: sails across the Atlantic Ocean and
reaches an island in the Bahamas in the Caribbean sea.
1607 Jamestown,Virginia, the first English settlement in North
America, is founded by Captain John Smith.
1619 The first African slaves are brought to Jamestown. (Slavery is
made legal in 1650)
1664 The English seize New Amsterdam from the Dutch. The city is
renamed New York.
1764-1766 England Places taxes on sugar that comes from their North
American colonies , England also requires colonists to buy
stamps to help pay for royal troops
1770 Boston Massacre : English troops fire on a group of people
protesting English taxes.
1776 The Declaration of Independence is approved.
1787 The Constitutional Convention meets to write a Constitution for
the U.S.
War in 1812 : U.S. declares war on Britain over British
interference with American maritime shipping and westward

expansion British capture Washington DC, and set fire to White
1812-1814
House and Capitol ( Aug.1814)
8
Mexican War : U.S. declares war on Mexico in effort to gain
California and other territory in Southwest.
1846-1848
1860 Abraham Lincoln is elected president
1861-1865 The American Civil war (1861-1865)
National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) is
founded, with Elizabeth Cady Stanton as president
1890
1939-1945 World war II : U.S. declares its neutrality in European conflict .
Korean War: Cold war conflict between Communist and non-
Communist forces on Korean Peninsula. North Korean communists

invade South Korea. President Truman, without the approval of
1950-1953
Congress, commits American troops to battle.
Vietnam War : Prolonged conflict between Communist forces of
North Vietnam , backed by China and the USSR, and non-
1950-1975
Communist forces of South Vietnam, backed by the United States.
1990 Iraqi troops invade Kuwait , leading to the Persian Gulf War (Aug. 2)
1992 Following the breakup of the Soviet Union in Dec. 1991, President
Bush and Russian President Boris Yeltsin meet at Camp David and
formally declare an end to the cold war.(Feb.1)
2001 Two hijacked jetliners ram twin towers of World Trade Center in
worst. More than 3,000 people die in the attacks (Sept.11).
U.S. and Britain launch air attacks against targets in Afghanistan
after Taliban government fails to hand over Saudi terrorist Osama
bin Laden, the suspected mastermind behind the Sept.11 attacks.
2004 The U.S. returns sovereignty to an interim government in Iraq.

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Colonial Literature
(The Puritan Period)
)يتناتوريبلا ةرتف( يرامعتسلاا بدلأا
The immigration of the Pilgrims to New England occurred in stages. But that they
had to go somewhere became apparent soon enough. Theirs was the position of
the Separatist: they believed that the reforms of the Anglican church had not gone
far enough, that, although the break with Catholicism in 1535 had moved some
way toward the Puritan belief in and idea of religious authority grounded solely in
Scripture
ناكم يأ لىا مهباهذ بوجو ناكو , لحارم ةدع لىع متت دنلاجنإوين هنيدم لىا جاجحلا ةرجه تناك دقل
نكت مل ةيناكيلغنلاا هسينكلا تاحلاصإ نا نودقتعي مهنا : فقوم ت يلاصفنلال ناك .ابيرقو احضاو حبصا
وا ةيسايسلا ةيحانلا نم ءاوس1535 ماع ةيكيلوثاكلا ةسينكلا نع مهلاصفنا نم مغرلا لىع كلذو , ةيفاك

باتكلا لىع طقف زكترت ةينيدلا ةطلسلا نا ةركف و ني اتوب بلا داقتعلاا وحن مهقيرط في اورمتساو . ةينيدلا
. سدقملا

But theirs was a religious, not a political agenda; moral and theological principles
were involved, and from their perspective, there could be no compromise.
To establish themselves as rightful interpreters of the Bible independent of an
inherited social and cultural order, they removed from the Anglican Church in
order to re-establish it as they believed it truly should be. This of course meant
leaving the country, and they left for Holland in 1608 and for the New World in
1620.

مهرظن ههجو نم تلا و ةينيدلا ئدابملاو قلاخلأا لمشت ثيح ؛ ةيسايس لا , ةينيد مهتدنجا تناك دقو
ي
. اهنم يأ نع لزانتلا نكمي لا
. في اقثلاو عي امتجلاا ماظنلا تاثوروم نع ت لقتسم سدقملا باتكلل ت يعشر ت مجب مك مهسفنا سيسأتلو

تلا ةقيرطلاب سدقملا باتكلا سيسأت نوديعي نا لجا نم ةيناكيلغنلأا ةسينكلا نع اولصفنا دقف
ي
.نوكت نا بجي اهنا نودقتعي
.

1620 ف ديدجلا ملاعلاو 1608 ف ادنلوه لىا اولحر ثيح ،دلابلا مهترداغم لىا ىدأ اعبط اذهو
ي ي

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